  The Unix and Internet Fundamentals HOWTO
  by Eric S. Raymond
  v1.1, 3 December 1998
  ű:   (linusben@bawi.org)
  ű䳯: 13 February 1999

    ο ǻͿ Unix 迭  ü, ͳ  
  ؼ   ü ϰ ִ.
  ______________________________________________________________________

  

  1. Ұ
     1.1   
     1.2 ִ ڷ
     1.3   ο 
     1.4 ǵ  (Feedback and corrections)

  2.   ǻ ⺻ 
  3. ġ   ǻͿ   Ͼ°?
  4. п α׷ ų    Ͼ°?AID CDATA run(LABEL)LABEL
  5.  Է  ͷƮ ۵ϴ°?
  6.   ǻʹ   ÿ ó  ִ°?
  7.  ǻͿ  μ 浹 ʰ  ư°?
  8.  ǻͿ ͸ ũ ϴ°?
     8.1  ܰ ũ  ý 
     8.2  ̸ 丮
     8.3 Ʈ 
     8.4   ã°?
     8.5  ũ ۵ ߸  ִ°?

  9. ǻ   ۵ϴ°?
     9.1  
     9.2  
     9.3 P-ڵ 

  10. ͳ  ۵ϴ°?
     10.1 ̸ ġ(Names and locations)
     10.2 Ŷ 
     10.3 TCP IP
     10.4 HTTP,  

  ______________________________________________________________________

  1.  Ұ

  1.1.    

     ͳ   鼭  ִ
  ڵ鿡  ְ .   鼭  
    ϴ      ϳ, δ
   Ŀ Ư  ⵵ Ѵ. Ȯ  Ŀ
   ϴ  ߻ϴ (Ȥ ) â ̳
  ȿ  ذ ſ    ִ.

      ͳ    ۵ϴ
  ؼ Ȯϰ ϰ ϰ Ѵ.      ο
  ǻͿ н  ϴ 鿡 ° ̷ ִ.
     ̾߱ϴ  κ  ٸ ÷̳ ٸ
  н  ǹǷ, δ ý 
  'н' ϰڴ.

  켱    ο ǻ͸ Ѵٰ Ѵ. 
    ӽ̳ ĿPC, Ȥ ٸ  н ڽ
  Ѵٸ  鿡 ణ ̰  ̴.  ⺻
    ٴ  ϶.

    ׵ ݺؼ   ̱   
   Ǳ ؾ  ̴.     а  
  ܾ 𰡸   ̶  ǹѴ. ó  
  ׳  Ⱦ ;      
   ٽ о   ǹ̸ ϰ  ̴.

     ŵǴ ̴.   ǵ鿡 ؿ ο
  (section) ߰Ǿ Ѵ.     оְ
  ׿  並 ֱ ٶ.

  1.2.  ִ ڷ

    Ŀ Ǳ ؼ   а ִٸ,  
  Ʒ  о ٶ.  How To Become A Hacker FAQ
  <http://www.tuxedo.org/~esr/faqs/hacker-howto.html>   
    ڷ ũǾ ִ.

  1.3.    ο 

  The Unix and Internet Fundamentals HOWTO ο  ֱ
   Ʈ ÷ ̴.  comp.os.linux.help

  news.answers <news:answers>.    ο   LDP(Linux
  Documentation Project) Ȩ     WWW ׸
  FTP Ʈ ÷ ̴.

  ֱ   ̵  ã ʹٸ Ʒ Ʈ ϶.
  <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Fundamentals-HOWTO.html>.

  1.4.  ǵ  (Feedback and corrections)

      ؼ ̳ ǰ ִٸ, Ӱ 
  ̸忡  .  esr@thyrsus.com   ̳
   ȯϸ, Ư  信   ڼ  ߰ϴ
   ȯѴ.   Ǽ ߰Ѵٸ,     
  ĥ  ֵ  ˷ֱ ٶ.

  2.    ǻ ⺻ 

  ǻͿ μ Ĩ ȿ Ǿ ְ, ̰  
  Ѵ.   ǻͿ  ޸𸮰 Ѵ.(DOS/Windows
  ڵ ̰ `RAM'̶ θ, н ڵ 'core'
  ǥ .) μ ޸𸮴 ǻ ο شϴ
  Ӵ忡 ġȴ.

  ǻͿ ũ Ű嵵 ִ.  ϵ ̺ ÷
  ũ ִ.  ũ ũ Ӵ忡  ǰ, Ӵ
  ۿ ִ  Ʈѷ ī带 ؼ ȴ. (Ű ʹ
  ؼ  ī尡 ʿ; Ű Ʈѷ  ü ȿ
   ִ.)

  츮 ڿ    ۵ϴ ؼ ڼ 캼
  ̴.    ̵   ۵  ִ  ణ
  ⺻  캸 Ѵ.

  ǻ      ̷.  , 
  Ʈѷ( ī峪 ũ Ʈѷ,  ī )  ȴ ̶
    ִ.  μ ȭ, ũ, ׸  ̿  ͵
  ̿ Ÿ ̵ ̷ ӵο  ̴.

     ϰ ϴ μ ǻ ٸ κе
     ; μ  ؼ ׵ ȭ 
  ִ. μ    ִ  ý(sybsystem)
  ޸(the core)̴.  α׷ Ǳ ؼ  α׷
  core ȿ ־ Ѵ.

  ǻͰ α׷̳ Ÿ ũ о ,  Ͼ
   μ ũ Ʈѷ ũ   ûϴ
  ޽   ̴.   ũ Ʈѷ ڽ 
  ͸ core Ư ġ ־ٴ   ̿Ͽ ˸
  ȴ.   μ Ǵٽ  Ͽ ޸𸮸 ɴ.

  Ű ũ  μ  ϱ   , ٸ
  ֺ 麸    ϴ. Ŀ ̵鿡  ٽ 
  ̴.  켱 ǻ͸   ǻ ȿ  
  Ͼ ˾ƺ.

  3.  ġ   ǻͿ   Ͼ°?

  Ǵ α׷  ǻʹ   ǰ 
  Ұϴ. ǻ ġ     ؾ  
  ü Ҹ Ư α׷ Ű ̴. ü谡
  ϴ   ϵ   ٸ α׷ ϴ
    ̴.

  ü踦 ҷ ۾ ̶ Ѵ.  ( bootstrapping̶
    ̰ ٸ     Ȳ 
  ư Ϳ   Ÿٰ Ѵ.)  ǻʹ 켱 
   Ǿ ϴ ˾ƾ ϴµ, ̰ ̿(BIOS: Basic
  Input/Output System) Ĩ ȿ   Ƴұ  װ
  ϸ   ִ.

  BIOS Ĩ   ڸ  ϵ ũ(Ʈ ũ) 
  ġ ãƼ Boot loader Ư α׷ Ű Ѵ.
  ( boot loader LILO Ѵ). Boot loader ã 
  α׷ core Űܿ ǰ Ǵµ, boot loader  
  ü踦 Ű  Ѵ.

  Boot loader 켱 Ŀ ã, ̸ core ġŲ  Ų.
    ϸ鼭 LILO Ʈ ȭ鿡    
   ȭ鿡     ٵ, ̰ Ŀ
  Ű(loadingϴ)  Ÿ.  (  Ŀ ڵ
   ٸ ũ  ҷ ִٴ  ǹѴ.)

  ( BIOS  Ŀ ҷ ϴ ñ  𸣰ڴ. -- 
  boot loader Բ  ܰ  ʿ ϱ? 켱 BIOS ׷
  ȶ ϴ.  ̰ ſ ûϱ ,  
   ̰     ȴ. ̰   ũ 
   8Ʈ ǻ͸    Ŀ  ҷ⿡
    ũ (access) . Boot loader ۵ϴ
  ܰ迡    ٸ ũ  ϴ   ٸ
  ü踦  ų  ְ ִµ, н  ü谡
    Ͽ ٸ  ü踦 ϰ Ҷ -
  ׷  Ͼ ʴ´.-   ִ.)

  Ŀ ۵Ǹ ̰ ٸ ϵ Ǹ鼭 α׷
  ų غ Ѵ.  ۾ ϻ ޸  ̷
  ʰ, I/O Ʈ ( ޱ  ̽ Ʈѷ ī Ư 
  ּ)  ̷. Ŀ Ƿ ޸  ϴ 
  ƴϴ; Ŀ 𿡼   ã  ִ, Ʈѷ 
    ϴ       ִ. ̷
  μ autoprobing̶ Ѵ.

   ̷  ̴ ޽ κ Ŀ ϵ I/O
  Ʈ ؼ ڵ˻(autoprobing) ϴ  ش. 
        ϸ   Ǵ  
  ִ.    ־ ſ    ִµ,
  κ ٸ нٴ ̰   ؼ  پ
   ڶѴ.    ؿ  
  ý ̷ Ʈ ˻(̰ ý ν  
  ⵵ Ѵ),    ִ  ڵ鿡
  ο н 迭 ý

  ŷ  ־   ϳ ߴ.

  , Ŀ  žǰ Ǿٰ ؼ Ʈ μ 
    ƴϴ; ̰  ùܰ ̴.(׷  ܰ踦 run
  level 1̶ Ѵ).

  Ŀ  ܰ ũ  Ȯϴ ̴. ũ 
  ý ſ   ̴;  ϵ  ۽
     ũ ջǾٸ, н ý  
   װ Ȯϰ ϴ ܰ谡 ʿϰ ȴ.  κп 
   Ŀ `` ý  峪°'' κп  ̾߱
  ̴.

  Ŀ  ϴ    Ű ̴. ̶
  Ʈ Ǯ,  (mail listener)   α׷
  ϴµ, ̵ ׶忡   ϱ⸦ ٸ ִ´. 
  Ư α׷ 浹 ų  ִ û ϴ ҵ
  Ѵ.  ׻ Ǹ鼭  û ˰ ־ ϴ α׷
  ¥   纻 α׷(ÿ Ǹ鼭  ϳ
  û óϴ)  浹 ʴ  ȮϷ ϴ ͺ 
    α׷ ϰ ȴ.  ý   Ǵ
      , Ʈ Ǯ(Ϳ  
   )  κ  Եȴ.

    ϰ Ǹ ý run level 2  ȴ.
   ܰ ڸ  غ̴. Ŀ getty α׷
  Ͽ ܼ Ѻ (ȭ ϴ Ʈ  Ѻ
  ؼ   纻 ʿ ̴). ̰ loginƮ
  ֿܼ  ϸ,  ý run level 3  ڸ
  ޾Ƶ̰ α׷ Ű  غ Ѵ.

  ̸ йȣ ְ α  ,  θ getty
  ǻͿ ȮνŲ. ׸ (翬) login̶ α׷
  Űµ, ̰ ȿ õ   ϰ ɾ
    Ų. (, getty login ϳ α׷
    ִ. ̵ α׷ и    ִµ,
  ̰ ٷ ʿ ٰ ȴ.)

   忡  α׷ ų    Ͼ
  ؼ ̾߱ ̴.

  4.  п α׷ ų    Ͼ°?

  Ϲ п α Ŀ '$' Ʈ  ̴.(
   ̰ ٸ   ʾ 쿡 Ǵ ̴.)
  츮 ̰  ̳ ȭ鿡   ִ ͵鿡 ؼ ̾߱
   ƴϴ.  ǻ  ȭ ڿ Ͼ ǻ ۿ
   ̾߱ϰ Ѵ.

    α׷ Ű  ǻʹ 𰡸 ϱ 
  ٸ ִ μ ''̶ ϸ ȴ. 
  μ ٸ ִ  ٷ ̺Ʈ̴. ̺Ʈ Ű带
  ų 콺 ̸鼭 ߻Ѵ. Ȥ  ǻͰ Ʈũ
  Ǿ ִٸ Ʈũ Ͽ   Ŷ  ϳ
  ̺Ʈ   ִ.

  Ŀ  ̷ μ  ϳ̴.  Ŀ ٸ 
  μ    ϸ, Ϲ  ǻ
  ϵ  ٷ  ִ  μ̱  Ưϴ. 
   μ ׵ Űκ Է ްų, ȭ鿡  ,
  ũ ڷḦ ų  , Ȥ ޸ ȿ    
   Ŀο û ؾ߸ Ѵ.  ̷ û ý ̶ Ѵ.

  Ϲ  I/O Ŀ ġ ,   ۵  
  ϸ ΰ μ 浹ϴ     ִ. 
  Ư  μ  ٷ I/O Ʈ   ֵ Ŀ
  Ѱ  Ǳ⵵ Ѵ.  X(κ н ũ
  ׷ȿ  ٸ α׷ û óϴ α׷) ̷
  μ  ǥ ̴.   츮 X 
  ٷ  ̴. 츮   Ʈ  ֿܼ ؼ
  캸 ִ.

    ϳ  μ , Ư  ƴϴ. ̰ 
  Ű带 ε帮  ٸ鼭 (Ŀ Ͽ) Ű I/O Ʈ
  캸 ִ. Ŀ װ ϸ Էµ Ű ȭ鿡 ְ,
    п Ѱְ ȴ.  Ŀ '' ϸ  
  ؽƮ з .  ̰ ϳ ɾ ٷ 
  ̴.

  ls  ġ ͸  н 丮 Ʈ  Ѵٰ 
  .  ο ǵ Ģ  '/bin/ls' Ͽ ִ 
    Ϸ Ѵٴ  ˰ ȴ. ̷  Ŀο
  /bin/ls ο ڽ μ    ûϴ ý 
  , ̰ Ŀ Ͽ Ű ȭ鿡  ϰ Ѵ.
  ׷   ls ⸦ ٸ鼭  ȴ.

  /bin/ls  Ǹ Ŀο (exit) ý    
  ˷ش. Ŀ ٽ   ٽ   · .
   Ǵٸ Ʈ غϰ Ǵٸ ɾ  Է ٸ
  ȴ.

  ,  Ų ls ۵Ǵ ȿ ٸ ͵  
  ִ.  (   丮 ls ߴٰ  .) 
   ٸ ߾ ַܼ ٲٰ α ؼ ũ   
   ִ.   ӽ ͳݰ Ǿ ִٸ /bin/ls
  Ǵ ߿  ְ  ִ ̴.

  5.   Է  ͷƮ ۵ϴ°?

  Ű ſ  Էġ̴; ϴٴ  ̰  
  ͸ ſ õõ(ǻ   ) ߻Ųٴ 
  ǸѴ. Ű带 ٰ  , ̺Ʈ Ű ̺ 
  ޵Ǹ ϵ Ͱ ߻ȴ.

  ̷ ͷƮ ϴ  ü谡 ؾ ̴.  
  ͷƮ ؼ ͷƮ ڵ鷯 ־ ϴµ, ̰ ü
  ߿ ͷƮ     ׿ õ Ÿ(Ű带
    Ͱ  )  Ƶδ κ̶   ִ.

  Ű忡 ؼ ͷƮ ڵ鷯  ϴ  Ű ھ
  عٴ ý  ϴ ̴. װ  ü谡 
   Ű Է о帱 α׷  ѱ  ϰ
  ش.

  ũ Ʈũ ī     Է   ϰ
  ۵Ѵ.   츮 ũ Ʈѷ ũ û  
   ̿Ѵٴ  캸Ҵ.  Ͼ  ũ
  ͷƮ ߻Ű, ũ ͷƮ ڵ鷯 Ŀ ͸ û
  α׷  ͸ ޸𸮿 ϰ ȴ.

    ͷƮ 켱 (priority level) ´. 
  켱  ͷƮ(Ű ̺Ʈ  )  켱
  ͷƮ(ý ð 帧̳ ũ ̺Ʈ ) ٷ Ѵ.
  н ڿ     Ǿ ϴ ̺Ʈ
   켱 ֵ Ǿ ִ.

   OS õ    ִ ޽ IRQ ѹ   
   ̴. ϵ ߸   ϳ Ȯϰ  ׷
  𸣴 ¿  ٸ ġ  IRQ ϰ Ϸ  
  ߻Ѵ.

       ִ. IRQ "ͷƮ û(INterrupt
  Request)" ̴. ü    ͷƮ ѹ 
  ϵ   ˾ƾ ϴµ, ׷߸  ڵ鷯
   ϵ  غ  ֱ ̴.  ΰ  ٸ
  ϵ  IRQ Ϸ Ѵٸ ͷƮ  ߸
  ڵ鷯  ó ̴. ̷ Ȳ  ̽ 
  Ұϰ ,  󼭴 ü踦 ȥ ý ü
     ִ.

  6.    ǻʹ   ÿ ó  ִ°?

     ÿ ó  . ǻʹ   ϳ
  ۾ (Ȥ μ)   ִ.  ǻʹ ۾ ſ
   ȯ  ְ, ̰ ν   Դ 
  ۾ ÿ ̷ ó ϰ . ̰
  ð(timesharing)̶ θ.

  Ŀ ӹ  ϳ ð ϴ ̴. Ŀ ̿
   μ   ִ 췯(scheduler) . 60
  1ʸ Ÿ̸Ӵ Ŀο ð ͷƮ(clock interrupt) ߻Ű,
  ٷ  ۾ μ Ͻ Ų  ٸ
  μ ϰ ȴ.

  60 1ʶ ð ſ ū ðó 鸮  ̴. 
  ó ũμԴ ̰   Ű⿡
   ð̴.     μ ϰ ִٰ
  ϴ  μ ڽſ Ҵ ð(timeslices) ȿ
    ĥ  ִ.

   α׷ ð(timeslice) ü   . 
  ͷƮ I/O ġ ´ٸ, Ŀ  ۾ ȿ
  Ű, ͷƮ ڵ鷯 Ų.  Ŀ  ۾
  ǵư ȴ.  켱  ͷƮ  ߻ϰ Ǹ
   μ о Ǵµ, ̷  ൿ
  thrashing̶ Ѵ. ̰  н ýۿ Ͼ ſ 
  ൿ̴.

   α׷  ӵ  α׷   ִ 
  ð 翡  ޴   . (3 ׷Ȱ 尰
    Ģ  ܿ شѴ.) α׷ ʾ 
  ũ ̺곪 Ʈũ ῡ ͸ ޱ α׷
  ٸ   ξ  Ͼ.

  ü谡 ϻ ÿ  μ   ְ
  ϴ 츦 "Ƽ׽ŷ(multitasking)"̶ Ѵ. н 迭
  ü ٺ Ƽ׽ŷ ϰ Ǿ, Ƽ׽ŷ
  Ǹϰ Ѵ.  --   OS н 迭 ξ ȿ
  Ƽ׽ŷ ϴµ, ̷ ü Ƽ׽ŷ  Ŀ
  ߰Ͽ      Ѵ. ȿ̰ 
  Ƽ׽ŷ  Ʈŷ̳ , 񽺿  
    ִ    ū  ϰ ִ.
  7.   ǻͿ  μ 浹 ʰ  ư°?

  Ŀ 췯 μ  ð   Ͽ Ű
  .   ü  ε μ ؾ ϴµ,
  ׷ μ ϴ ޸𸮸  ħ   ֱ
  ̴.  ü迡 ̷  ذϴ  ޸ (memory
  management) Ѵ.

   μ core ޸𸮿 ڽŸ  ʿ ϴµ, 
   α׷    ϰ ڵ带 Ű 
   ȴ.   ̵ Ʈ б  ڵ (code
  segment) (μ   ִ)   
  (data segment) (μ  )  Ǿ ִٰ 
   ִ.    μ   ,
  ΰ μ  ڵ带 Ųٸ н ڵ
  ý ȿ ̱   μ ϳ ڵ 
  ϵ Ѵ.

  Core ޸𸮴 α  ȿ ſ ߿ϴ.  ӽ 
   α׷ ϱ⿡ ޸𸮰  쵵   ִ.
  (X  ū α׷ Ű 츦    ִ.) 
   ذϱ  н  ޸(virtual memory) 
  .  ̰ ھ Ǵ μ  ڵ ͸ 
  ʰ, ſ   ۾ Ʈ(working set) ´.
  μ ؾ    μ ¸  ϵũ
  ִ Ұ(swap space) ϴ ̴.

  μ Ǹ н  ۾ Ʈ Ұ 
  õϰ ھ ʿ  ġŲ.  ۾ ȿ ϴ
   ϰ ٷο ۾̱ , ⼭  ʱ Ѵ
  --  ϸ, ڵ  (references) ŬͿ
  ۵Ϸ ϸ   䱸  Ȥ   
  ʾҴ ˻ϰ ȴ.    н  (Ȥ 
  ֱٿ) ̿ ڵ峪 ͸  ִ´ٸ,  ð 
    ̴.

     ""  " " ǹѴٴ 
  ָ϶.  -- ھ ũ  Ǵ α׷ ũ⿡ 
  ۴.    ߻Ѵ. 򿡴 ޸𸮰  
  ʾƼ   ӽ (low-end machine)   ޸𸮸 
  ִ. ó   ӽ (single-user machine) 64MB ̻
  ھ  ִٸ, X  ۾   ÿ ó
   ִ.

  ̷ ູ Ȳ, ü  κ ޸ ڴ ߿
   Ѵ. ̰ α׷ ڽſ ҴǾ ִ 
  (segments)  ϴ ȮѴ -- ̰  α׷ ٸ
  α׷ ϴ ͸  ϴ  ش.(Ǽ 
  ̳ Ȥ ǿ   ) ̺ μ   ޸𸮸
  䱸ϰų ڽ  ִ ޸𸮸 Ǯ   ŵȴ.
  (޸𸮸 Ǯִ   α׷   Ͼ.)

   ̺ MMU(Memory Management Unit) Ҹ ٺ
  ϵ Ư κ    ̿ȴ. ֽ
  μ Ĩ  ȿ MMU ϰ ִ. MMU ޸ ǿ
   ġϰ   Ѿ  õ ϸ鼭 Ư
  ͷƮ ߻Ų.

    "Segmentation fault" "core dumped", Ȥ ̿ 
   н ޽   ִٸ  ̰  ϴ
  Ȯϰ    ̴ ;  α׷ ڽſ Ҵ 
   ޸𸮸 Ϸ ϴٰ ġ ͷƮ ߻Ų ̴.
  ̰ α׷ װ ϰ  ˷ش; core dump  
  Ŀ     ִ  Ϸ ֱ 
  α׷Ӱ װ мϿ  ذϴ  ش.

  8.   ǻͿ ͸ ũ ϴ°?

   н ü Ʒ ϵ ũ ٶ , 丮
  ̶ ̸    ̴.   ̻ 
  ʿ , ũ 峵  ͸ ϰ Ѵٸ
   Ʒ   Ͼ ˰ ִ  ϴ.
  ϰԵ  ܰ迡    ũ  ϴ 
    ƴϱ ,  ̰ ϵ ʿ  ܰ
  ö鼭  ̴.

  8.1.   ܰ ũ  ý 

  Ÿ Ǵ ũ ǥ Ʈ ǰ   ִ.
  --  Ʈ(track)    (sector)  ִ.
  ٱ  Ʈ  Ʈ б    ͷ
   ȴ.  (Ȥ ũ )  ũ ̷
  ְ, ó н ýۿ Ϲ 1 ̳ʸ K (8Ʈ ܾ
  1024 з) ̷.  ũ   ּҸ µ
  ̸ ũ  ڶ Ѵ.

  н ũ ũ Ƽ .  Ƽǵ 
  ýۿ ϴ Ȥ   ϴ  ٸ
  Ƽǿ  Ǵ  ̴.   ȣ 
  Ƽ Ưϰ ޵Ǵµ, װ Ʈ Ƽ̶ ϸ ý
  ۵Ǳ  Ŀ   ִ Ƽ̴.

   Ƽ  (δ `` ޸'' Ҹ) Ȥ
  ϵ ִ  ý  ϳ ȴ.  
  Ǵ Ƽ   (linear sequence)  ޵ȴ.
  ݸ鿡  ý  ̸ ũ  ῡ  
  ʿ Ѵ. ϵ Ŀų پų, Ȥ ð 
  ȭϸ鼭,  Ÿ    ʰ   Ƽ
   Ի  ȴ(ü ڽ ʿ   ִ
   ãƳ  ִµ, ϵ ο  ʿ  
  ü迡 ̷ ϵ ǳ׹ް ȴ).

  8.2.   ̸ 丮

    ýۿ ̸   (;mapping) i-
  node Ҹ ü  ٷ. ̰͵  Ͻý
  ``ٴ''(  ڸ  ;  ׺  ϵ
  ⺻  ̸ ̱ (labeling) Ǵµ  
  ٷ ʱ Ѵ) ó  Ѵ.  i-node
  ϳ  ϰ ,  Ÿ  inode  ϰ
  ȴ.

   i-node ڽ ϰ ִ  ũ  ڵ
  Ʈ  ִ. (   ݸ ´.  ϵ鿡 ؼ
    ,  ̿  ̰ ٷ ŭ ߿
  ʴ.)  ⼭ i-node  ̸   ʴٴ  ϱ
  ٶ.

   ̸ 丮  ȿ Ѵ.  丮  
  ̸ i-node ڵ  ִ   Ѵ. ̰
  н ϳ   ̸(true name; Ȥ ϵ ũ)
    ִ  ش; ̰   丮 Ʈ
   inode Ű ִ ̴.

  8.3.  Ʈ 

    ,   н  ý ϳ ũ
  Ƽǿ Ѵ. ,  ̷ 츦  뵵 
  н ýۿ Ǵ     , ̷ 
  ϻ  ƴϴ.       ũ Ƽ,
   ٸ  ũ  ϴ ̴. ,  ,
  ýۿ Ŀ ϴ  ϳ Ƽ Ѵٸ, ׺ ణ
  ū Ƽǿ ü ƿƼ ϰ,  ū Ƽǿ
  ڵ Ȩ 丮 ϴ  Ϲ̴.

  Ŀ н  ý Ʈ Ƽǿ ۵ȴ.  Ʈ
  `Ȩ(home)' 丮 ã´. Ϲ ý õ  
    ִ  ϰ Ʈ Ƽ̰, ̰ ( ׻)
   ó ۵Ǵ ̱⵵ ϴ. Ʈ Ƽ  ýۿ Ʈ
  丮 ϸ, ٸ  ͺ 켱ϴ 带 .

  ý ٸ Ƽ  Ʈ Ƽǿ ٿ Ǵµ, ׷μ
  ,  Ƽ  ý  ϰ ȴ. Ʈ μ
   н ý Ʈ ̿ ٸ Ƽ  ϰ
    ԵǾ ִ.   ؼ Ʈ Ƽ 丮
   Ƽ ƮǴ ̴.

   , `/usr' н 丮  ִٸ, ̰ Ƹ
  ó   ʿ , ýۿ ġǾ ִ  
  α׷  ִ Ƽ ƮǴ Ʈ Ų.

  8.4.    ã°?

    ý   Ʒ ٶ  ְ Ǿ.
   ( , /home/esr/WWW/ldp/fundamentals.sgml ) 
     ۾ ȴ.

  Ŀ н  ý Ʈ(Ʈ Ƽ) Ѵ. 
  ̰ `home'̶ Ҹ 丮 ã´. Ϲ `home' Ϲ
  ڵ  ū Ƽ Ʈ Ʈ̰,    ãư
  ȴ.    Ƽ ֻ ܰ 丮 , 
  `esr'̶ Ʈ ã inode ڸ 󳽴. i-node ̰
  丮   ˷ ̰,  `WWW' ã ȴ. װ
  i-node     丮 `ldp' ٽ ãư. ̰
  ٽ  ٸ 丮 inode  ̴. װ  
  `fundamentals.sgml'   i-node ڸ   ̴.  inode
  丮 ƴϱ , Ͽ õ ũ   
  ִ.

  8.5.   ũ ۵ ߸  ִ°?

  տ  ý     ߾.   츮
  丮 i-node ۷   罽   ̷
  ִٴ  ˰ Ǿ.  ׷  ϵ ũ  
   ٸ?

    ٸ     ý ıǾ ̴. 
     ϴٸ, 丮  i-node ڰ ıǾ
   ְ, ý      ִ. Ȥ, 
   ,    ũ ̳ inode 
   Ű   ִ.(Ѹ  ý 
  ̴.)  ̷ ջ      ְ, 
  ջ   ջ  Ŀ  ̴.

  ེԵ, ̷    ϵ ũ  ŷڼְ
  鼭 ſ 幮  Ǿ.  , н ý
   ý ϰ Ǿ ִ Ȯϴ integrity-check
  ֱ ϰ ,    ̶  Ȯϰ
  ;Ѵ.  н ý  Ƽǿ   
  Ʈ ̷  Ἲ ȮѴ.    
  ö ˻簡 ̷  ణ ð  ɸ.

     ͵鿡 н ſ ϰ ջޱ  ̶
  ȴٸ, õ  ˻    Ƴ  ְ, 
    ɰ  ϱ    ִٴ Ϳ 
  Ƚ ϰ  ̴. ٸ ü ̷ ġ Ǿ ʱ
  ,   ̷  , ׷  
  Ϸ   (   ƿƼ  α׷ ó
   ־ٰ    ) ɰϰ   
  ִ.

  9.  ǻ   ۵ϴ°?

  츮 ̹ `` α׷ ۵ϴ°''  ̾߱ߴ. 
  α׷ ǻͰ   ִ   ߸ 
  ϰ ȴ.   ̷   ٷ   ʴ
  ; ̷  Ŀ鿡 ־ ſ 幮 ̰   䱸ϴ
  ̴.

  ֱ  Ŀο ϵ ̽ ϴ  α׷
   κ н ڵ ޾(high-level language)
  ۼȴ.  (''̶      ̸
   ''  ϱ  Ǳ  ̴.)

      Ѵ. ̰Ϳ  ̾߱ϱ ؼ,
   α׷ ҽ ڵ(ΰ ,   ) 
  ǰ, ǻʹ   Ŵμ α׷ ȴٴ
    ־ Ѵ.

  9.1.   

    ̾߱Ǵ ǻ  ٷ Ͼ̴.  
   () Ϸ Ư α׷ ̿Ͽ 
  ̷   ̳ʸ  .  ѹ  
  , ٽ ҽڵ带  ʿ  ų  ִ.
  (κ Ʈ ϵ ̳ʸ Ϸ ǰ, ҽڵ
    .)

      ̸  ٸ ü迡 
  ,  ׸ŭ ۼϱⰡ .

  н C ۼǾ ִµ, C(׸   C++) 
     ߿ ̴. FORTRAN ̳  뿡 
   ̰ ,  ̱   ̴. н
  ýۿ  ̿ ٸ     ʴµ, н
  ̿ ü迡 COBOL / о߿ θ ǰ ִ.

   ̿ܿ    , κ Ǿų
  ѵ  ̿ǰ ִ.     ϴ
  ο н ڰ ǰ Ѵٸ C C++ ģؾ Ѵ.

  9.2.   

    ҽڵ带 а   ؼ ̳ ý
  ȣ ϵ ִ  α׷ Ѵ.  ҽ ڵ
    Ź Ǿ ϸ,   Ͱ ʿϰ
  ȴ.

        ü質 ϵ
    ޱ⵵ Ѵ. ,   α׷ϱⰡ
  ξ ,   ڵ   ġ  ۴ٴ
   ִ.

   Ͽ bc(1), sed(1), awk(1)   н ƿƼ
  ȿ   ̴. ̳ ƼŬ(Tcl) Ϲδ
    Ѵ.   ߿  
  LISP(׸  ڵ鿡  )  ̴. ó Perl
   , ׷ а ذ  ̴.

  9.3.  P-ڵ 

  1990 ϰ (interpretation)  Ǵ  
   ߿ϰ Ǿ. P-ڵ     ҽڵ带 
    ̳ʸ Ϸ , ̳ʸ  
   ʴ´. ſ ڵ(pseudocode Ȥ p-ڵ) ǰ
  Ǵµ, ̰        
   ִ. α׷   p-ڵ尡 ǰ ȴ.

  P-ڵ ϵ ̳ʸ ϰ   ӵ  ϴ.
  (p-ڵ ʹ ſ ϰ , )  p-ڵ
     ̰  ɿ ¿  ִ.

  ߿ p-ڵ  Python ڹٰ Եȴ.

  10.  ͳ  ۵ϴ°?

  ͳ  ۵ϴ ظ  ؼ    ͳ
  ɵ   Ͼ  캼 ̴ --   տ ִ
  LDP(Linux Documentation Project) Ȩ   Ȩ
  캸.  

  http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Fundamentals.html

   ġϰ ִٰ ִٸ, ̰ ȣƮ sunsite.unc.edu Ʒ 
  丮  /LDP/HOWTH/Fundamentals.html Ϸ Ѵٴ 
  ǹѴ.

  10.1.  ̸ ġ(Names and locations)

     ؾ    ϴ  ϴ
  ǻͿ Ʈũ  ϴ ̴. ̰ ϱ ؼ 켱
  sunsite.unc.edu ȣƮ('ȣƮ' 'ȣƮ ӽ' Ǵ 'Ʈũ
  ȣƮ' ̴; sunsite.unc.edu  ȣƮ̶ θ)
  Ʈũ   ġ ϴ ˾ƾ Ѵ.  ġ ϴ
    ڷ ̷ ִµ, ̰ IP 巹 Ѵ('IP'
  Ϳ ؼ Ŀ ٽ  ̴).

  ̷ ۾ ϱ ؼ  Ӽ α׷ 
  ϰ ȴ.     ϴ 쵵 , 
  Ӽ  ϴ Ư ӽ ϰ װ  ϰ
  ȴ.   ISPκ ͳ 񽺸 ް Ǿ   
   ϳ ISP Ʈũ ϴ Ӽ IP 巹
  ͳ Ʈ ˷ִ   ̴.

   ٸ ӽſ ִ Ӽ ȣ  ϸ, ȣƮ
  Ǯ   ȯϰ ο Ÿ Ѵ. 
  Ӽ sunsite.unc.edu ̸ Ǯ  Ʈũ  ϴ
    ٸ Ʈ  ϰ Ǵµ,  Ϸ  ſ
   ( 1ʵ ɸ ʴ´) ȴ.

  Ӽ   sunsite IP 巹
  152.2.22.81̶  ˷ְ  ̴; ̰ ˸  ӽ
  sunsite   ȯ  ְ ȴ.

  10.2.  Ŷ 

   Sunsite     Ѵٸ  
  ϸ ȴ:

  GET /LDP/HOWTO/Fundamentals.html HTTP/1.0

     ̰ ϴ 캸. ϴ   Ŷ
  . Ŷ    ̶   ִµ, 
  ̰ ߿   Ǿ ִ; ߼ ּ (source
  address) ( ǻ ּ),  ּ(destination address)
  (152.2.22.81), ׸ ̰  ̵  û̶  Ÿ
   ȣ(service number) Ȥ Ʈ ȣ(port number) (̰
   û̹Ƿ 80)   ̴.

  ׷  ӽ  Ŷ Ͷ Ҹ Ư 迡
    ż(ISP  𵩼 Ȥ  Ʈũ)
  ƴٴϰ Ѵ. ʹ ڽ ޸𸮿 ͳ  
  ִ -- ׻   ޸𸮿   , 
  Ʈũ   Ͱ ͳݿ ϴ ٸ ̿ ͸
    ִ  ˰ ִ.

   Ŷ  ϱ   ͸ ġ  ̴.
  ʹ ſ ȶؼ ٸ Ͱ Ŷ ޾Ƽ óϴ  󸶳
  ɸ Ѵ. ׸      ִ
   ϰ ȴ.  ٸ (Ȥ ̺)   
  Ǿ    ̿Ͽ ٸ θ ã Ŷ  
  ִ.

  ϼ ϸ ͳ ￡ ߵ  ֵ Ǿٰ Ѵ.
  ̰  ƴ, ͳ   ҿ 
   ϴ ϵ       ֵ
  ſ Ǹϰ Ǿ. ̰   ġ(ȭó)
    ƴ϶ ῡ   õ Ϳ л ұ
    ̴. ̷    ߻   
     ְ,   Ʈũ ϰ   ְ
  Ѵ.

  ѹ   Ŷ  ϰ Ǹ,  ӽ
   ȣ  Ŷ  ѱ ȴ.   Ŷ
  ߼ ּ (IP 巹)      ǴѴ.
   ɿ û   ,    Ŷ
    ȴ. Ŷ ũ   Ʈũ 
  ü   ٸ ٲ.

  10.3.  TCP IP

     Ŷ  Ǵ ϱ ؼ, 
  ͳ     ̿ϸ, װ ϳ ٸ ϳ
   ϴ    ʿ䰡 ִ.

  Ʒ ܰ IP(Internet Protocol) ߼  
   Ŷ       ִ ( 
  IP 巹  ׷ θ ذ  ̴.) , IP
     ƴϴ;  Ŷ нǵǾ  ߼ 
  ӽ      .  Ʈũ  IP 
  (connectionless) ̶ Ѵ;    Ŷ ޴
       θ Ȯ  .

  IP   ̴. δ ŷڵ  
   ̶ ͸ε ϴ.   Ʈũ ̿
  Doom̳ Quake   Ѵٸ,   Ѿ IP Ŷ 
  ǥ ȴ.    Ϻΰ  ׷ ɰ  ƴ
  ̴.

   ܰ TCP(Transmission Control Protocol) ̿ ؼ
  ϴ.  ӽ TCP Ǿ  (TCP  IP ̿Ͽ
  ̷), ϴ  ڽ  Ŷ鿡  Ȯ ۽
  ʿ ش.  ۽ ʿ  Ȯ  ð 
  ϸ,  Ŷ ٽ  ȴ. Դٰ ۽ϴ   TCP
  Ŷ Ϸ ȣ οϴµ, ̰ ϴ  Ŷ 
   ٽ   ְ Ѵ.  ( Ǿ ִ ߿ Ʈũ
  Ҿ Ŷ Ϸùȣ ڹٲ ŵ  ִ.)

  TCP/IP Ŷ  ߸   ߻  ִ  ջ
  Ȯϱ ؼ üũ(checksum)  ִ. , TCP/IP
  Ӽ ϴ   ,   
  ȣƮ/-ȣ ̿ ŵǴ  ŷ  ִ. Ʈũ
   ϴ  Ŷ  ϰ,  Ŷ ٽ
  ϴ ,  Ȯ, checksum Ȯϴ , ׸  Ʒ ܰ
   ޵Ǵ     ʿ䰡 .

  10.4.  HTTP,  

  Ʊ 캻  ǵư .    TCP/IP
  ֻ  ȯ ̷   ̿Ͽ ȭϰ
  ȴ.   TCP/IP ̿Ͽ Ϸ   ȯϰ
  ȴ. ̷  HTTP(Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol)̶ ϰ,
   캻 GET̶ ɾ ݿ Ǵ ɾ  
    ִ.

  GET ɾ sunsite.unc.edu   ȣ 80 Բ
  ޵Ǹ, ̰ 80 Ʈ ϰ ִ    绡
  óȴ.      Ʈ ϰ ִٰ 
    쿡   Ѵ.

   ͳ ϳ ü Ģ  Ǿٸ,  κ
  ſ ϰ ΰ    ־ ̴. HTTP  
   (ȣƮ ̿  ְް ִ Simple Mail Transfer
  Protocol, SMTP   ϳ̴.)  carriage-return/ line feed
      ؽƮ  ̿ϴ  Ϲ̴.

   ̰ ſ ȿ̴;  ȯ濡 뼺 
  ߰ϰ ¥ ̳ʸ       ִ.
  ,  ΰ ϰ ϱ  ɾ ̷翩ٴ
     ȿ ̱   ٷӰ  
  ü谡  ִ   ġִٴ  ˷ ִ.

  ,   ſ TCP/IP  ִ  
  ؽƮ̴.      Ʒ  ̷  ̴.
  (  Ǿ):

  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
  Date: Sat, 10 Oct 1998 18:43:35 GMT
  Server: Apache/1.2.6 Red Hat
  Last-Modified: Thu, 27 Aug 1998 17:55:15 GMT
  Content-Length: 2982
  Content-Type: text/html

  ̵ ش ڿ ٰ  ؽƮ  ̴(
   ).       ȭ鿡 ֱ⸸
  Ѵ.    ¸ ش. (Ư Content-Type 
   ƿ ڷᰡ HTML ش.)

