  The Linux Tips HOWTO

  Paul Anderson, paul@geeky1.ebtech.net <mailto:paul@geeky1.ebtech.net>
  v2.4, 12 October 1996

   howto ˾Ƴ  Ʈ    ̽ϰ  
  tweeking ϰ ִ.
  ______________________________________________________________________

  

  1. Ұ
  2.  
     2.1 Handy Syslog Trick Paul Anderson, Tips-HOWTO maintainer.
     2.2 Handy Script to Clean Up Corefiles.
     2.3 Moving directories between filesystems.
     2.4        丮             ū      ˾Ƴ.
     2.5 The Linux Gazette
     2.6 Pointer  to patch for GNU Make 3.70 to change VPATH behavor.
     2.7     ýø fscking  ϴ   ΰ.
     2.8 Ʈÿ   "device busy"    ߱Ǵ fscks   ϱ.
     2.9 ϵũ 󿡼  ū  ˾Ƴ
     2.10 How   to  print  pages   with  a   margin for   hole   punching.
     2.11 file  Ʈ Ͽ Ư ϻ ǥ ãƳ.
     2.12 ڵ ̺곪   file  α׷ ѵ ûҸ  ũƮ.
     2.13  μ ޸𸮸   Ƹ԰ ִ ˾Ƴ

  3.  tip
     3.1 Linux   windows swap   Ƽ ϱ.
     3.2  ʴ flag ϱ.
     3.3 ο stuff  ΰ  
     3.4 ý۰ڸ   .
     3.5 xdm   host ڸ    Ұΰ.

  ______________________________________________________________________

  1.  Ұ

    հ ִ ſ  Ʈ ȭ  Ʈ 
    Ͽ  Ե  ȯѴ.  ⿡   
     Ӹ ⿡(?)     -  
  ִ  ̴.   ϴ Ʈ  ִٸ  
  -Ͽ  ֵ   ٶ.  Paul Anderson
  Maintainer--Linux TIPS HOWTO panderso@ebtech.net
  <mailto:panderso@ebtech.net>

  2.   

  2.1.  Handy Syslog Trick Paul Anderson, Tips-HOWTO maintainer.

   /etc/syslog.conf ϰ   ߰ض:

           # Dump everything on tty8
           *.*                                     /dev/tty8

   : TAB ؾ Ѵٴ   ض. syslog space 
  Ѵ...

  2.2.  Handy Script to Clean Up Corefiles.

  ohammers@cu-online.com <mailto:ohammers@cu-online.com> Handy Script to
  Clean Up Corefiles.       rmcores Ҹ   file
  .(ڴ   װ handle-cores θ) :

  ______________________________________________________________________
           #!/bin/sh
           USAGE="$0 <directory> <message-file>"
           if [ $# != 2 ] ; then
                   echo $USAGE
                   exit
           fi
            echo Deleting...
           find $1 -name core -atime 7 -print -exec rm {} \;
           echo e-mailing
           for name in  `find $1 -name  core -exec  ls -l {}  \; | cut
    -c16-24`
           do
                   echo $name
                   cat $2 | mail $name
           done
  ______________________________________________________________________

  ׸ cron job װ  ϵ ض.

  2.3.  Moving directories between filesystems.

  Alan Cox,A.Cox@swansea.ac.uk <mailto:A.Cox@swansea.ac.uk> file Ʈ
  ü  ũκ ٸ ũ  ű 

          (cd /source/directory &&  tar cf  - . )  | (cd  /dest/directory
    && tar xvfp -)

      丮     ϱ  ؼ cd
  /source/directory; tar...etc ض.  ˷ذͿ  Jim
  Dennis, jadestar@rahul.net <mailto:jadestar@rahul.net>, Ѵ.

  2.4.         丮             ū      ˾Ƴ.

  mghazey@miso.lowdown.com <mailto:mghazey@miso.lowdown.com> 
  ǻͿ  ū 丮  ñ    ?  
  ˾Ƴ  ִ  ִ.

           du -S | sort -n

  2.5.  The Linux Gazette

   Linux Gazette â John Fisk ư. װ  
  e-zine plus̸, װ ̴!!   ̻   .
  ̰ Ȯ϶.  www.redhat.com/lg <http://www.redhat.com/lg>
  װ ִµ John Fisk e-zine LG 󸶳     
  ִ Ʈ ܶ.

  2.6.  Pointer  to patch for GNU Make 3.70 to change VPATH behavor.

  Ted Stern,stern@amath.washington.edu
  <mailto:stern@amath.washington.edu>  Pointer  to patch for GNU Make
  3.70 to change VPATH behavor.    ̷  ϰ
  ִ ˼,    ʴ 3.70  GNU make Ư¡
  ִ. װ   θ   VPATH ִ ൿ Ѵٴ
  ̴. ̰  ϴ                ġ
  ִµ,      Paul Smith<psmith@wellfleet.com
  <mailto:psmith@wellfleet.com>>κ װ   ִ.  ״
      ο    make    ġ  ׷
  |gnu.utils.bug| ÷ ̴.  Ϲ,   ＼ϴ
   ýۿ  ġ ϰ gmake ٽ ĿѴ.

  2.7.      ýø fscking  ϴ   ΰ.

  Dale Lutz, dal@wimsey.com <mailto:dal@wimsey.com> Q: Ź Ҷ
  e2fsck ũ  üũ ϴ     ?  A: Ŀ ٽø
  , filesystem  'dirty'ϰ ϵǰ ׷   ũ 
  ø üũ ̴. ̰ Ϸ  ض: rdev -R
  /zImage 1 ̰  ̻ filesystem 'dirty'ϴٰ  ʵ
  Ŀ  ش.  ˾Ƶα : lilo Ѵٸ lilo config file
    ¾ read-only ߰ض. ( /etc/lilo.conf)

  2.8.  Ʈÿ   "device busy"    ߱Ǵ fscks   ϱ.

  Jon Tombs, jon@gtex02.us.es <mailto:jon@gtex02.us.es>  
  filesystem fscks  ʿ ϰ    ˴ٿ device busy
    ٸ,   ذå ִ: /etc/rc.d/init.d/halt
  Ȥ /etc/rc.d/rc.0   ߰Ѵ.  mount -o remount,ro
  /mount.dir Ʈ '/'   Ʈ   filesystem ־
  umount  -a ȣϱ  ̷ ó  ش. ̰ 
   ־ shutdown  μ ̰ ũ umount ϴµ
    reboot    'clean'   ǹѴ. 
  쿡 reboot   ð ش.

  2.9.  ϵũ 󿡼  ū  ˾Ƴ

  Simon Amor, simon@foobar.co.uk <mailto:simon@foobar.co.uk>

          ls -l | sort +4n

  Ǵ ϵũ    ִٸ ̰ ð  ɸ 
  Ǹ  ̴.

          cd /
       ls -lR | sort +4n

  2.10.  How   to  print  pages   with  a   margin for   hole   punch
  ing.

  Mike   Dickey, mdickey@thorplus.lib.perdue.edu
  <mailto:mdickey@thorplus.lib.perdue.edu>

  ______________________________________________________________________
              #!/bin/sh
              # /usr/local/bin/print
              # a simple formatted printout, to enable someone to
              # 3-hole punch the output and put it in a binder
              cat $1 | pr -t -o 5 -w 85 | lpr

  ______________________________________________________________________

  2.11.  file  Ʈ Ͽ Ư ϻ ǥ ãƳ.

  Raul Deluth Miller, rockwell@nova.umd.edu
  <mailto:rockwell@nova.umd.edu> file  Ʈ Ͽ Ư ϻ ǥ
  ãƳ  ̰ 'forall' ũƮ θ. ̷ ض:

          forall /usr/include grep -i ioctl
           forall /usr/man grep ioctl

   forall ִ:

  ______________________________________________________________________

           #!/bin/sh
           if [ 1 = `expr 2 \> $#` ]
           then
                   echo Usage: $0 dir cmd [optargs]
                   exit 1
           fi
           dir=$1
           shift
           find $dir -type f -print | xargs "$@"

  ______________________________________________________________________

  2.12.  ڵ ̺곪   file  α׷ ѵ ûҸ
   ũƮ.

  Barry Tolnas, tolnas@nestor.engr.utk.edu
  <mailto:tolnas@nestor.engr.utk.edu> ڵ ̺곪   file 
  α׷.   emacs ڵ-̺(#) ( ) file .o file ׸
  TEX.log file ϸ鼭 ݺ 丮  ҽŰ
   two-liner ִ. ̰  .tex README file ϱ⵵
   .   ý ̰ 'sqeeze' θ.

  ______________________________________________________________________

           #!/bin/sh
           #SQUEEZE removes unnecessary files  and compresses .tex
    and README files
           #By Barry tolnas, tolnas@sun1.engr.utk.edu
           #
           echo squeezing $PWD
           find  $PWD \( -name \*~ -or -name \*.o -or -name \*.log
    -or -name \*\#\) -exec
           rm -f {} \;
           find $PWD \(  -name \*.tex -or  -name \*README\*  -or
    -name \*readme\* \) -exec gzip -9 {} \;

  ______________________________________________________________________

  2.13.   μ ޸𸮸   Ƹ԰ ִ ˾Ƴ

  simon@foobar.co.uk <mailto:simon@foobar.co.uk>  μ
  ޸𸮸   Ƹ԰ ִ ˾Ƴ

          ps -aux | sort +4n
      -OR-
           ps -aux | sort +5n

  3.   tip

  3.1.  Linux   windows swap   Ƽ ϱ.

  Tony acero, ace3@midway.uchicagi.edu <mailto:ace3@midway.uchicagi.edu>

  1. ش Ƽ  Ƽ ϰ, ű⿡  swap file 
         츦  ƶ.  (  켱 swap
     file  ִ · Ǳ⸦ ٶ ̰,  ׷ 
     װ  ȴ.)

  2. Linux ѵڿ  Ƽ file Ѵ.  Ƽ 
     /dev/hda8̾ٸ

             dd if=/dev/hda8 of=/etc/dosswap

  3.   swap file Ѵ. װ   0̱  
     ſ   ̴.

             gzip -9 /etc/dosswap

  4. Linux swap  غϰ ġϱ /etc/rc file 
      ߰Ѵ.

             xxxxx swap Ƽ block ̴.
              mkswap /dev/hda8 XXXXX
              swapon -av

  /etc/fstab file swap Ƽ  Ʈ ߰ Ȯ϶.

  5. init/reboot Ű /etc/brc  Ȥ /sbin/brc Ѵٸ 
     /etc/brc ߰ϰ, ׷   dos | os/2 ϰ  
     ׸ swap Ƽ dos/windows  ٲٰ   ̰
      ־.

             swapoff -av
              zcat /etc/dosswap.gz | dd of=/dev/hda8 bs=1k count=100

  # ̰  ó 100    Ƽǿ  ˾Ƶξ.
    100    ̸  ˾Ƴ.  >> ̰ 
   ΰ.   :   ũ ̽   ִ.
   : step 5 ڵ ̷  ,  װ 
  ־   ؾ ϸ, reboot μ  .

  3.2.   ʴ flag ϱ.

  Jim Dennis, jadestar@rahul.net <mailto:jadestar@rahul.net> 
  ʴ flag ϱ  ý ġϰ  ȯ   ٷ
  ڿ  /bin, /sbin, /usr/bin, and /usr/lib ׸ ٸ usual suspects
     'chattr +i command'  ϶.  װ root
  Ŀ file ߰ ض.  'mkdir /etc/.dist/' ϰ /etc   
    丮  ض. ( recursion ϱ  ̰
  /tmp/etcdist.tar ϴ  step Ѵ.) (ɼ 
  /etc/.dist.tar.gz   ִ)-- ׸ װ  ʵ
  . ̷    root α   Ҽ  ִ
  ظ ̱ ؼ ̴.  stray redirection ۷̼
  Ʈ     ̸, 'rm -rf'    ý
  Ұϰ  ϴ    ̴. (     ظ
  ԰,  libs bins   ̴) ̰ پ Ȱ
  denial  of service exploits  Ұϰ Ȥ  ư 
  ̴. ( ׵   κ  shell   ʴ SUID
  α׷  Ȱ  file  overwrite ϴµ ϱ ̴)
  ̰  Ѱ   پ  ý  ̳ʸ
  overwrite ʵ ش.  Makefile д    
  ٽ ϵ file chattr -i   (׸  file Ǯ 
  丮), make ϸ, chattr  Ͽ  װ  
  ؾ Ѵ.  ڽ  bins,  libs, Ȥ ̴ 
  .old/ 丮 ű ȸ Եȴ. Ǵ װ͵ ϰ 
  tar  Ҽ ִ.

  3.3.  ο stuff  ΰ  

  Jim dennis, jadestar@rahul.net <mailto:jadestar@rahul.net> ο
  stuff  ΰ  

   ο stuff /usr/local Ȥ /usr/local/'hostname' 
  Ѵ.      /usr/local       ϳ
  /usr/local/src, /usr/local/bin   װ ض.  
    /usr/local  Ʈ   ִ´ٸ,   'mkdir
  /usr/local/'hostname'' ϰ װͿ 'wheel' ׷ +w οϰ 
   𸥴. ( wheel ׷    Ʒ   
  ڽ file ٷ絵, ׸ Ǵ   file 'wheel'  쿡
  ϵ SUID SGID )                        ο
  Ű /usr/local/src/.from/$WHEREVER_I_GOT_IT ֵ  ׻
       ƷýѶ.     ׸    ׵
  /usr/local/src(Ȥ .../$HOSTNAME) build ض. װ 
  heirarchy Ʒ  ġǾ Ȯض.  װ  /bin
  Ǵ /sbin Ʒ ġ Ǿ Ѵٸ, 򰡿   
  heirarchyκ   Ʈ ɺ ũ .  ̷
  ϴ  -- װ ŷο ӿ  ұϰ --   쿡
  ǰ, ǰ κ  ٽüġ   
  µ  ֱ ̴. /usr/local/.from 丮 ν,
  ҽ °  log Ҽ ִ --  ο
  Ʈ  ã    ش -- .  security announcement
  Ʈ ͸   ߿Ҽ ִ.   ִ  ý
  ϳ  ڽ ̷ å Ű  ȴ.   
  װ ġ  ýμ stock ٸ  𸥴.
  ̰    ýۿ     ʾҴٴ ,  װ
  ϴ  ̶   ̴.  ݴ  忡
   س ý( װ ý  μ ӹ ð
  )   ̷ Ǿ ְ,   ûΰ ٸ MIS
  鿡   Ǿ ,   ̵ Ű ġ
  ̷. ׷  Դ ʱ ġ   ڿ 
  ְԵ ߿ Ʈ鿡     ִ.

  3.4.  ý۰ڸ   .

  Jim Dennis, jadestar@rahul.net <mailto:jadestar@rahul.net>
  ý۰ڸ   .

  /README.'hostname' /etc/README.'hostname'    . Ȥ
  /usr/local/etc/README.'hostname' ϴ.  , ý
     ùκ ¶  α file  ض. root
  /bash_logout | vi /README.$(hostname) |     .
  ̰  ϴ  ٸ  su  sudo    ϴ
  ũƮ ϴ ̴.

                      function exit \
                              { unset exit; exit; \
                                cat ~/tmp/session.$(date +%y%m%d) \
                                >> /README.$(hostname) && \
                                vi /README.$(hostname)
                                }
                      script -a ~/tmp/session.$(date +%y%m%d)
                      /bin/su.org -

  (session log    typescript ϰ,  ڵ  log
  appending updating  Լ ).      ڵȭ
    ʾ   ̴ --    
  Ʒÿ   ̴. ׷   峭 ׷ ̵
   Ծ.  ( ̹    ũƮ Ÿ̳ shell
    .) ̰   ٽ ٵ  'script' 
   ü̴.  ̰ ϱ  ҽ Լϰ  Ŀǵ
   Ķ͸ ߰ؾ߰ڴٰ Ѵ(Ŀǵ κ ũƮ
  ߴϰų Ű ؼ).     ϴ  :
  root 'PATH=/bin' Ǿ Ѵٴ ̴. ٷ ׷. ٸ
    root path ̾  ȴ. root ϴ 
  /binκ Ȥ alias shell Լ  ؼ ɺ  ũ ޴
  Ǵ Ȥ  /bin 丮  script binary̴ Ǵ ѷ н
  ŸԵǴ  ̴. ̰  binary 󸶳 ϴ
  νϰ  rootμ ϵ  ش. Ƽ  ȣƮ 
  ڴ Ư  ̳ loophole ãƳ  ڽ /bin /*his
  tory  캼 ̴.   Ⱑ ο  ڵȭ
   ִ sequence ˾ä ,  üũ Ե  ִ°
  ġŰ, root Ư   ﰡ  ۾
  Ѵ(͸ ġϰ,  ũ Ʈ   MTA Ǵ
  ٸ Ŀٶ ;Ƽ α   ġѴ.  (׵
  Ҹ  vi  ./.exrc   ׸ emacs ./.emacs ׸ Ȱ
  $EXINIT ׸ Ӻ header/footer ũ ó transparent data
  file Ӻ  ִ.  翬     Ŀǵ尡
    ִ:

                           cp $data $some_users_home/tmp
                           su -c $origcommand $whatever_switches
                           cp $some_users_home/tmp $data

  밳  ġ Ȩ  Ǵ ̱   ũ̼ ڿ
  شϴ  ̴ -- ׷ װ Ƽ ý, Ư ߿
  Ǿ ִ ý ڿ   ̴.
  3.5.  xdm   host ڸ    Ұΰ.

  Arrigo  Triiulzi, a.triulzi@ic.ac.uk <mailto:a.triulzi@ic.ac.uk>

  1. 밳 etc/rc/rc.6 Ȥ /etc/rc.local xdm ġϴ file  xdm
     startup       ߰϶.

              /usr/bin/X11/xdm
              exec /usr/bin/X11/X -indirect hostname

  2. /usr/lib/X11/xdm/Xserver Ͽ  starting 0  
     ӽŻ󿡼   ϰϴ    ϶.

  3. ӽ ϶. ׷ you are home and away.(..^^;)
      װ  ݿ ° ϱ  ʻ  ϴ
     ,   ϱ ؼ   ̳ ɷȱ  
      ̰ ߰Ͽ.

   :  SLS(1.1.1)     xdm  ڿ
  -nodaemon  ܳ  ִ. ̰   
  ʴ´.

