  Linux Networking-HOWTO (Previously the Net-3 Howto)

   : {Poet} poet@linuxports.com
  v1.5, August 1999
  : ϳ alita@kldp.org
  2000 2

   : Terry Dawson ( ), VK2KTJ; Alessandro Rubini ()

  ______________________________________________________________________

  

  1. Ұ.
  2.  
     2.1 ǵ AURL CDATA mailto:poet@linuxports.comANAME CDATA poet@linuxports.com(HTMLURL)HTMLURL.

  3.  HOWTO ϴ 
     3.1    

  4.  Ʈŷ  Ϲ 
     4.1  Ʈŷ Ŀ   
     4.2  Ʈŷ  ڷ.
     4.3  ѵ  Ʈũ    ִ .

  5. Ϲ Ʈũ   
     5.1  Ϸ  ΰ ?
        5.1.1 ֽ Ŀ ҽ(û)
        5.1.2 ֽ Ʈũ 
        5.1.3 Ʈ  α׷
        5.1.4 IP ּ 
     5.2    ־ ϳ?
     5.3 ڽ Ʈ ̽ 
     5.4 Ʈ ̽ ϱ
     5.5 Name Resolver 
        5.5.1 name̶ ΰ?
        5.5.2  ʿ 
        5.5.3 /etc/resolv.conf
        5.5.4 /etc/host.conf
        5.5.5 /etc/hosts
        5.5.6 name server 
     5.6 loopback ̽ ϱ
     5.7 .
        5.7.1 ׷, routed α׷ ϴ   ?
     5.8 Ʈ   .
        5.8.1 (TT/etc/services
           5.8.1.1 (TT/etc/services  
        5.8.2 (TT/etc/inetd.conf
           5.8.2.1 (TT/etc/inetd.conf 
     5.9 ٸ  Ʈ   ϵ
        5.9.1 (TT/etc/protocols
        5.9.2 (TT/etc/networks
     5.10 Ʈ Ȱ  
        5.10.1 /etc/ftpusers
        5.10.2 /etc/securetty
        5.10.3 (EMtcpd ȣƮ   
           5.10.3.1 /etc/hosts.allow
           5.10.3.2 /etc/hosts.deny
        5.10.4 /etc/hosts.equiv
        5.10.5 (EMftp  ˸° ϱ
        5.10.6 Ʈ ȭ
        5.10.7 ٸ ׵

  6. IP  ̴  
     6.1 Ethernet
     6.2 EQL - multiple line traffic equaliser
     6.3 IP Accounting (for Linux-2.0)
     6.4 IP Accounting (for Linux-2.2)
     6.5 IP Aliasing
     6.6 IP Firewall (for Linux-2.0)
     6.7 IP Firewall (for Linux-2.2)
     6.8 IPIP Encapsulation
        6.8.1 A tunneled network configuration.
        6.8.2 A tunneled host configuration.
     6.9 IP Masquerade
     6.10 IP Transparent Proxy
     6.11 IPv6
     6.12 Mobile IP
     6.13 Multicast
     6.14 NAT - Network Address Translation
     6.15 Traffic Shaper - ȯ  뿪
     6.16 Linux-2.2 

  7. Ϲ PC ϵ ϱ
     7.1 ISDN
     7.2 Linux-2.0 PLIP
     7.3 Linux-2.2 PLIP
     7.4 PPP
        7.4.1  pppd ̿ؼ Ʈ   ϱ
     7.5 SLIP client
        7.5.1 dip
        7.5.2 slattach
        7.5.3  쿡   ϳ ?
        7.5.4 ȭ DIP ̿  SLIP  .
        7.5.5 ȭ DIP ̿  SLIP  .
        7.5.6 DIP ϱ.
        7.5.7 Ӵ뼱 slattach ̿  SLIP .
     7.6 SLIP .
        7.6.1 (EMsliplogin ϴ SLIP .
           7.6.1.1 (EMsliplogin  
           7.6.1.2 SLIP ȣƮ /etc/passwd .
           7.6.1.3 (TT/etc/slip.hosts 
           7.6.1.4 (TT/etc/slip.login  .
           7.6.1.5 (TT/etc/slip.logout  .
           7.6.1.6 (TT/etc/slip.tty  .
        7.6.2 (EMdip  SLIP 
           7.6.2.1 (TT/etc/diphosts .
        7.6.3 (EMdSLIP Ű  SLIP .

  8. ٸ Ʈ 
     8.1 ARCNet
     8.2 Appletalk (AF_APPLETALK)
        8.2.1 Appletalk Ʈ .
        8.2.2 Appletalk    ý Ű.
        8.2.3 Appletalk    ϱ.
        8.2.4 Appletalk Ʈ ϱ.
        8.2.5 Appletalk Ʈ ׽Ʈϱ.
        8.2.6 Appletalk Ʈ  ǻ.
        8.2.7 ߰ 
     8.3 ATM
     8.4 AX25 (AF_AX25)
     8.5 DECNet
     8.6 FDDI
     8.7  
     8.8 IPX (AF_IPX)
     8.9 NetRom (AF_NETROM)
     8.10 Rose protocol (AF_ROSE)
     8.11 SAMBA - `NetBEUI', `NetBios', `CIFS'  .
     8.12 STRIP  (Starmode Radio IP)
     8.13 Token Ring
     8.14 X.25
     8.15 WaveLan Card

  9. Cables and Cabling ̺ ̺ 
     9.1 Serial NULL Modem cable
     9.2 Parallel port cable (PLIP cable)
     9.3 10base2 (thin coax) Ethernet Cabling
     9.4 Twisted Pair Ethernet Cable

  10.     ؼ
  11. ISP   ?
  12. Acknowledgements
  13. Copyright.

  ______________________________________________________________________

  1.  Ұ.

  ̰ LinuxPorts   ڰ   ù ° ̴. 켱
          ϴٴ  ߰ϰ
  츮  Ʈŷ ̽鿡  Ȯϰ ż  
   ֱ⸦ ٶٴ  ϰ ʹ.

     Net-3(4) Howto ƴ Networking-HOWTO  ̴.
  츮 PPP, VPN  ۵鵵  ̴.

  2.   

   NET-FAQ Linux Documentation Project  ۵ȱ
   Linux Ʈŷ Ͽ  Ǵ ͵鿡  亯 Matt
  Welsh Terry Dawson  .    Ʈŷ Ŀ
  ſ ʱ  ٷ ־. NET-2-HOWTO NET-FAQ ̾޾
   LDP HOWTO  ϳ Ŀ  3̶ Ҹ  Ʈŷ
  Ʈ  2 ٷ ־.   ʷ  
  ̾޾   4   Ʈŷ Ŀ, Ư Ŀ 2.x
  2.2.x  ִ.

       ȿ ִ    
   ũⰡ ſ Ŀ.   ذϴ    Ư
  Ʈŷ  ٷ  HOWTO  .   ˸
     ͸ ϰ  ٸ 鿡 
  ٷ ʴ о߸ ٷ  ̴.

  2.1.  ǵpoet@linuxports.com.

  츰 ׻ ǵ ݱ ִ.  poet@linuxports.com   츮
   ֱ ٶ.

  , ߸ ̳ ߰Ǿ ϴ ͵  쿡 ֱ
  ٶ.

  (: ó, ̳  κп ؼ ڿ
  alita@kldp.org   ֱ ٶϴ. Ĺݺ  𸣴 κ
    ̻ϰų ߸Ǿ  ֽϴ. Ÿ  comment
  ȯմϴ.)

  3.   HOWTO ϴ 

     ¥ ִ. ù κ    
    ġ   ʾƵ ȴ.  Ʈŷ 
   Ϲ  ٷ     κ 
  ؼ ݵ ظ ؾ Ѵ.  Ư  õ 
  ̴ݰ IP  , Ϲ PC ϵ  ,  
   ʴ  ̷     еǾ ִ.

    дµ   õѴ.

     Ϲ  ִ κ о
         κ ڿ    鿡 Ǹ  
        ϱ ؼ ſ ߿ϴ.  ׷ Ƹ  ڵ ̹
         뿡 ͼ ̴.

     ڽ Ʈ ϶
        ڽ Ʈ   Ǿ ִ Ȥ  
         ̸  ϵ    Ȯ ˾ƾ
        Ѵ.

      LAN̳ ͳݿ  ȴٸ ``̴ݰ IP'' κ
         о."    ⺻ ̴  Linux ϴ
        ̳̾   پ IP Ʈ  Ư¡ ϰ
        ִ.

      Į Ʈ̳ ȭ ῡ  ִٸ   κ
         о."   κ PLIP PPP, SLIP, ISDN  ο
        ũ̼  θ Ǵ  ϰ ִ.

     ڽ 䱸 װ õ Ư  ٷ κ о
         ڽ ʿ  IP Ϲ ϵ ٸ ̶
         κ non-IP ݰ Ư  ϵ  ڼ
         ̴.

      ۾ Ͽ
         Ʈ ȯ    ϸ ߻ϴ  
        ˻Ͽ Ѵ.

     ʿϴٸ ٸ  ãƺƶ
               ߻Ѵٸ  ã
         ׸ ϴ   κ  о.

     ܶ!
        Ʈŷ ִ. װ ܶ.

  3.1.     

   Ư ൵ ⼱  ʾ ɹ ǥõǴ Ŀ
  ؾ Ѵ.  н ȭ   Էؾ ϴ 
  ɹ տ Ʈ ´.  HOWTO "user%"  
  ʿ ʴ ɹ Ʈ, "root#" Ʈ ϴ ɹ
  Ʈ Ѵ. ּ Ÿ  "#" ǥø   ũƮ
  ο κа ȥ   "#"  "root#" Ͽ.

  ``Ŀ  ȼǵ'' Ÿ  menuconfig  Ǵ 
  ǥõȴ. ( ó) menuconfig ͼġ ʴ ϴ   
  ̴.  ɼǵ nesting ǹ ִٸ ѹ α׷
   .

    html  Ѵٸ ٸ HOWTO ó   纻 
   ִ  ſ   ̴.   ü  
  ʴٸ,  HOWTO metalab.unc.edu(/pub/Linux/HOWTO 丮) 
     ̷ Ʈ   ִ.

  4.   Ʈŷ  Ϲ 

  4.1.   Ʈŷ Ŀ   

   ͵ ŭ    tcp/ip   ο
  Ŀο  ϴ    ̾. U.S.L Ƿʷ 
   ۱    ޴ Ȯ߰ 
  ͺ    ٸ    ÿ  
     .
  Ŀ Ʈ  ֵ ʱ ڿڴ Ross Biro
  <biro@yggdrasil.com> . Ross WD-8003 Ʈ ̽ ī
  ̹   ϰ ҿ ſ  ƾ
  Ͽ. ̰   Ͽ  Ʈ  
   ϱ⿣ ߰   ӽ ͳݿ Ű 
    ϱ⵵ Ͽ.    ü ȿ Ʈŷ
    з ߻Ͽ ᱹ Ross  Ϻ δ з° 
   åӵ װ ̷  켼 ״  
  ڸ  Ǿ.  ׷ ︸ ϴ ȯ濡 Ʈ
  ۵ǵ ϰ      å ޾Ƶ Ross
    ۾ ˸  Ͽ ᱹ   ٺ
  Ұ Ǿ.

  Orest Zborowski <obz@Kodak.com>  ʷ  Ŀο BSD 
  α׷ ̽ . ̰   Ʈ
  α׷ ū    õ  ֵ ٴ 
  ſ ū ̾.

   Laurence Culhane <loz@holmes.demon.co.uk>  SLIP 
  ϴ  ̹ ó Ͽ. ̰ ̴ Ʈŷ
      鿡 ο Ʈŷ Ʈ  
  ְ ־.       ̹ ̿Ͽ ͳ
   ϴµ ϱ⵵ Ͽ. ̰  鿡 
  Ʈŷ  ϼǾ   ɼ  Ͽ 
  Ʈŷ Ʈ  ϰ ϴ  
  þ ߴ.

  Ʈŷ   Ͽ     ϳ Fred
  van Kempen <waltje@uwalt.nl.mugnet.org> ̾. Ross  
  ڸ   󸶵 Fred  ð  鿴
  ⺻ ݴϴ    ޾Ƶ鿴.Fred 
  Ʈŷ Ʈ ̲ ⿡  ߽ ȹ  ־
  ׷  Ͽ. Fred NET-2 Ŀ ڵ Ҹ (Ross 
  NET̶ θ) Ϸ Ʈŷ ڵ带    ϰ
  ̿   ־. Fred ̳ ̽ ̽, Ƹ߾
   AX.25  ,  ȭ Ʈŷ   
   ͵  ȹ ־.  Fred NET-2 ڵ 
   鿡  Ǿ  Ʈ ưٴ 
  鼭  ڴ  þ.   Ʈŷ Ʈ ǥ
  Ŀ ڵ  ġ Ұ   Ե
  ʾҾ.  NET-FAQ ̾  NET-2-HOWTO    ۵ϵ
  ϱ  ſ  ۾鿡  ϰ ־. Fred 
  ǥ Ʈŷ    ſ ־ ̴ ð ɸ
  ۾̾. ڵ ϰ ϰ 80% ڸ ų 
  ִ   ߰ Rossó  μ Fred  з
  ܳ.

  Alan Cox <iialan@www.uk.linux.org>  ̷ Ȳ ذϱ 
  ذå ߴ. ״ Fred NET-2 ڵ带  ϰ
     ڵ Ű ÿ Fred 
  з ༭ ׿ ڽ    ֵ  ַ Ͽ.
  `Net-2D(debugged)' Ҹ  Ʈŷ ڵ ù° 
   Բ   Ͽ.  ڵ  ǥ ȯ Ͽ
   ۵Ͽ ڵ Ͽ. Ȯ Alan 
  Ʈ Ҹ ̵   ־ NET-2 ڵ尡
  ư ⿡   ǵ ؼ ߻Ͽ.   
  Ʈŷ ȸӿ  ٸ  İ ܳµ   `켱
  ϵ  Ŀ Ű' ö  ־ ٸ  
  `ó  ' ö  ־. ᱹ Linus 縦
  Ͽ Alan  ¿   ǥϸ鼭 ǥ Ŀ ҽ
   Alan ڵ带 Խ״.  ̰ Fred ó 忡 ̰
  Ͽ.  ӵǾ  ڵ带 ϰ  
   Ͽ ̴    ư .  ᱹ
  Fred   ϴ ߴ Alan  Ʈŷ Ŀ
      Ǿ.

   Donald Becker <becker@cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov>  Ʈŷ ο 
  о߿      ̴ ̹
    Ŀο Ե   ̹ Donald  
  ̴.  ߿   ٸ  ־ Donald 
    ſ Ͽ Ư  ġ ִ.

  Alan `TODO' Ʈ ޵  ϵ   ÿ
  NET-2-Debugged ڵ带 ϴ  Ͽ.  Ŀ 1.3.*
  ҽ     Ŀ Ʈŷ ڵ   ʰ
  Ǵ NET-3 ٲ ־.  Alan Ʈŷ ڵ  ٸ ⿡
  ۾    Ʈŷ ȸ  ٸ ִ 
  Բ ڵ带  ⿡  .  Alan  Ʈŷ ġ
   ʷ ǥ AX.25 IPX Ͽ.  Alan  ڵ带
  ؼ ġ õõ ϸ鼭   ѿԴ.

  PPP  Michael Callahan <callahan@maths.ox.ac.uk>  Al Longyear
  <longyear@netcom.com>   ߰Ǿµ ̴ Ʈŷ 
   ϴ   Ű´ ſ  ̾.

  Jonathon Naylor <jsn@cs.nott.ac.uk>  Alan AX.25 ڵ带 ϰ
  NetRom  Rose  ߰ν   ؿԴ.
  AX.25/NetRom/Rose ,    ٸ ü 
  ݵ鿡  ǥ   ϰ ִٴ   
  üε ſ ߿ϴ.

    Ʈŷ Ʈ ߿ ߿    ٸ
   ־Դ. ̵  Ϻδ Ư   뿡 
  ̰ ٸ 鵵 ̳ ̹,  , , ׽Ʈ 
  ׸    Ͽ.   쿡 ΰ 
   Ͽ ׵   ִ  Ͽ.  Ŀ Ʈŷ
  ڵ   ŸϷκ   ִ  Ǹ
   ̸  ̰   ʴٸ     ̴.
     ʾҴ.

  4.2.   Ʈŷ  ڷ.

   Ʈŷ    ã  ִ   ִ.

   Ʈ    LinuxPorts Consultants Database
  ã  ִ.

   Ŀ Ʈŷ ڵ   Alan Cox  Ʈŷ
   Ȥ Ӱ ߵǴ ͵  ֿ   ִ  
  www.uk.linux.org ϰ ִ.

  ٸ   Olaf Kirch  Network Administrator's Guide.
  å̴. ̴ Linux Documentation Project  ̸ Network
  Administrators Guide HTML version    ְ
  metalab.unc.edu LDP ftp archive پ     ִ.
  Olaf å ſ ̸  Ͽ Ʈŷ   
     ش.

     Ʈŷ  ׷쵵 ִ.:
  comp.os.linux.networking

   Ʈŷ õ    ִ ϸ Ʈ ִ. ̿
  ϱ ؼ     Ѵ.

       To: majordomo@vger.rutgers.edu
       Subject: anything at all
       Message:

       subscribe linux-net

   IRC Ʈũ 󿡼  Ʈŷ     ִ
  #linux ä .

          ڼ ϴ 
  ϶.  Ư, Ŀ̳ pppd Ȥ dip     ϴ
  Ʈ  ް ִ  Ȯ Ư ؾ Ѵ. ̴
   ɹ Ÿ ޽ Ȯ  ǹѴ.

  4.3.   ѵ  Ʈũ    ִ .

   tcp/ip Ʈŷ  Ϲ̰ ⺻ н  Ѵٸ
      õѴ.

     tcp/ip introduction
        this document comes as both a text version and a postscript
        version.

     tcp/ip administration
        this document comes as both a text version and a postscript
        version.

   tcp/ip Ʈŷ   ڼ  Ѵٸ  
  õѴ:

       Internetworking with TCP/IP, Volume 1: principles, protocols
       and architecture, by Douglas E. Comer, ISBN 0-13-227836-7,
       Prentice Hall publications, Third Edition, 1995.

   н  ȯ濡 Ʈŷ ø̼   
  ʹٸ   õѴ.:

       Unix Network Programming, by W. Richard Stevens, ISBN
       0-13-949876-1, Prentice Hall publications, 1990.

   å ι°   ã     ̷ ִ.
   ڼ ˰  Prenice-Hall  Ʈ 湮 .

   comp.protocols.tcp-ip ׷ ̿  ִ.

  ͳݰ tcp/ip ݰ õ Ư   ߿ ҽ
  RFC̴.  RFC `Request For Comment' Ӹ̸ ͳ 
  ǥ ȭϰ ϴ ǥ ̴.  RFC Ұ 
  κ ftp Ʈ̰ Ϻδ Ư Ű RFC Ÿ̽ ˻
   ֵ ˻  ޸  ＼ Ѵ.

  RFC ҽ ϳ Nexor RFC database̴.

  5.  Ϲ Ʈũ   

   Ʒ  κе ˾ƾ  ʿ䰡  
   Ʈ غ  ؾ Ѵ.  
  Ʈ Ȯ Ư  ۵ϴ ⺻ ̴.

  5.1.   Ϸ  ΰ ?

  Ʈ ϰų ٹ̱    ʿ  ִ. 
    ߿ ͵  .

  5.1.1.  ֽ Ŀ ҽ(û)

  ǻ:

  κ ֽ  ǵ Ʈŷ   · ´.
   Ŀ ٽ  ʿ .   3COM NIC
  NE200 NIC,  NIC   ˷ ϵ Ѵٸ ƹ 
   ̴. ׷ Ŀ Ʈ ؾ ϴ Ȳ ִٸ 
   ȴ.

    ִ Ŀ  ϰ ϴ Ʈ ̳
  ī忡     ʱ   ˸ ɼ
  Ŀ ٽ ϱ  Ŀ ҽ ʿ ̴.

  Redhat̳ Caldera, Debian, Suse  ֿ  ڵ鿡
  ̻  ʴ´. Ϲ  ϴ ϵ Ѵٸ
  ſ Ư  ġ ʴ  Ŀ ٽ  ʿ .

    ftp.cdrom.comκ ֽ Ŀ ҽ   ִ.
  ̰  Ʈ ƴ ξ ū bandwidth   û
    ִ.  Ʈ kernel.org    
  ̿϶. ftp.kernel.org  ſ պٴ  ϰ ̷
  ̿϶.

   Ŀ ҽ /usr/src/linux 丮 Ǯ. ġ Ű
  Ŀ ϴ     ؼ Kernel-HOWTO о.
  Ŀ     ؼ ``Modules mini-HOWTO'' о.
   Ŀ ҽ  README Documentation 丮 밨
  ڵ鿡 ſ  ̴.

  Ư  ޵ ʴ   е    Ŀ
   ( ȣ  ° ڰ ¦ )   õѴ.
   Ŀ ( ȣ  ° ڰ Ȧ ) 
  ý ٸ Ʈ Բ ۵ϴ  ־  ų
  𸣴  Ȥ Ÿ ȭ     ִ. 
      Ʈ     ذ 
  ִٰ Ȯ ʴ  ̸  ƶ.

  5.1.2.  ֽ Ʈũ 

  Ʈũ   Ʈ ġ ϴ  ϴ
  α׷̴.      ̿Ͽ ġ鿡 ּҸ Ҵϰ
      ִ.

  κ    Ʈ  Բ ǹǷ 
      Ʈũ  ν ʾҴٸ ν ؾ
  Ѵ.

   κ ν ʾҴٸ ҽ ؼ  
  ؾ Ѵ. ̴  ʴ.

  Ʈ   Bernd Eckenfels  ǰ 
  ftp.inka.de   ְ ftp.uk.linux.org ̷ǰ ִ.

   net-tools-1.51-3.i386.rpm ֽ RedHat Ű  
  ִ.

   Ϸ ϴ Ŀο ˸´  ϵ ϰ
  ġϱ ؼ Ű  ø .

      ֽ  ϰ ġϱ   Ʒ
  .

          user% tar xvzf net-tools-1.33.tar.gz
          user% cd net-tools-1.33
          user% make config
          user% make
          root# make install

  Ȥ Redhat Ű ̿ϱ ؼ

               root# rpm -U net-tools-1.51-3.i386.rpm

  ߰ ȭ ϰų IP Ŀ̵  ϱ
  Ѵٸ ipfwadm α׷ ʿϴ. ֽ  ftp.xos.nl  
   ִ.    ϹǷ  ϴ Ŀο 
  ˸´  ϵ Ѵ.  ȭ  2.1 ߵ
  ٲ Ŀ v2.2 ipchains  µǾ. ipfwadm Ŀ
   2.0 ȴ.  2.0   Ŀ ִ
  ̴.

               Redhat 5.2 or below
               Caldera pre version 2.2
               Slackware pre version 4.x
               Debian pre version 2.x

      ֽ  ϰ ġϱ ؼ The Linux
  Documentation Project  ִ IPChains howto  ʿ䰡 ִ.

   Ŀ  2.2(Ȥ 2.1 ) Ѵٸ ipfwadm  ȭ
   ˸  ƴϴ.  NET-3-HOWTO   ȭ 
  ٷ ʰ ִ. ipchain  ڼ  Ѵٸ  
  Ͽ.

  5.1.3.  Ʈ  α׷

  Ʈ  α׷ telnet ftp ׸ ׿ õ 
  α׷̴. David Holland ̰͵  ǥ  
  ԰  netbug@ftp.uk.linux.org ǰ ִ.  
  ftp.uk.linux.org   ִ.
  5.1.4.  IP ּ 

  ͳ  ּ(IP Address)  Ʈ ̷  ǻ
  `dotted decimal notation' - ڸ  еǴ 10 ǥ -
   ǥȴ.   Ŀ  Ʈ 0 255 
  ٲ  Ʈ `.' еǾ. ǻ ȣƮ 
   ̽ IP ּҸ ´.   ӽ  ٸ
  ̽  IP ּҸ     
  ̽ ڽŸ ּҸ ´.

  ͳ  Ʈ IP ּҵ Ӿ ̴.  Ʈ 
   ּҵ  ڵ   ִ.  Ʈ 
   ּҵ ߿  κ ּ `network portion' ̶ θ
   ڵ `host portion' ̶ θ.  Ʈ  
  ּҵ鿡  Ǵ bit  ݸũ θ  ּҰ ش
  Ʈ ִ ƴ Ǵϴ  ݸũ ̴. 
   Ʒ .

               -----------------  ---------------
               Host Address       192.168.110.23
               Network Mask       255.255.255.0
               Network Portion    192.168.110.
               Host portion                  .23
               -----------------  ---------------
               Network Address    192.168.110.0
               Broadcast Address  192.168.110.255
               -----------------  ---------------

  ش ݸũ `bitwise anded'  ּҵ ڽ  Ʈ
  ּҸ Ÿ.  Ʈ ּҴ ׻  Ʈ ּ 
  ּҰ  ̸ּ host portion ׻  0̴.

  εĳƮ ּҴ  Ʈ   ȣƮ ڽ ּҿܿ
    ִ Ư ּҴ. Ʈ   ȣƮ  ޵
  ϰ      ּҷ .    ޽
   Ư  Ÿ׷ εĳ ּҷ  Ʈ
    ȣƮ ÿ   ֵ Ѵ. εĳƮ ּҿ
  ؼ θ Ǵ   ǥ ִ.   ̴  
  Ʈ󿡼   ū ּҸ εĳƮ ּҷ ϴ
  ̴.   192.168.110.255  ̴.    ٸ
  Ʈ Ʈ ּҸ εĳƮ ּҷ ϴ  ̿Ѵ.
     ϴ      Ʈ  
  ȣƮ  εĳƮ ּҸ ϵ Ͽ Ѵ.

     IP   ʱ⿡  ּҵ
  ׷ Ʈ ϰ Ǿ  Ʈ Ŭ Ҹ
   еǾ.   Ŭ Ҵ  Ʈ ǥ
  ũ⸦ ϰ ִ. Ҵ  Ʒ  .

          ----------------------------------------------------------
          | Network | Netmask       | Network Addresses            |
          | Class   |               |                              |
          ----------------------------------------------------------
          |    A    | 255.0.0.0     | 0.0.0.0    - 127.255.255.255 |
          |    B    | 255.255.0.0   | 128.0.0.0  - 191.255.255.255 |
          |    C    | 255.255.255.0 | 192.0.0.0  - 223.255.255.255 |
          |Multicast| 240.0.0.0     | 224.0.0.0  - 239.255.255.255 |
          ----------------------------------------------------------

   ؾ ּҵ  Ϸ Ϳ  ޶.
  ʿ  ּҵ  ؼ Ʒ ۾ ؾ  ̴.

     ̹ ϴ IP Ʈ   ӽ ġϴ .
          ̹ ϴ IP Ʈ   ӽ
        ġϰ Ѵٸ Ʈ ڿ    
        Ѵ.

     o  ȣƮ IP ּ

     o  IP Ʈ ּ

     o  IP εĳƮ ּ

     o  IP ݸũ

     o   ּ

     o     ּ

        ׸   Ʈ ġ   
        Ѵ.    Ƿ   Ŀ  ϸ
        ؼ ȵȴ.

     ͳݿ   ο Ʈ ϴ .
           Ʈ ϰ ͳݿ  
        ȹ̶  ϴ  ּҶ   ִ.
        ׷  ϰ   ̷   Ư
        Ǿ ִ IP Ʈ ּҵ ִ.  RFC1597 ڼ
          ͵̴.

                  -----------------------------------------------------------
                  |         RESERVED PRIVATE NETWORK ALLOCATIONS            |
                  -----------------------------------------------------------
                  | Network | Netmask       | Network Addresses             |
                  | Class   |               |                               |
                  -----------------------------------------------------------
                  |    A    | 255.0.0.0     | 10.0.0.0    - 10.255.255.255  |
                  |    B    | 255.255.0.0   | 172.16.0.0  - 172.31.255.255  |
                  |    C    | 255.255.255.0 | 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 |
                  -----------------------------------------------------------

      켱  Ʈ ũ⸦ ؾ ϰ  
     ʿ ŭ ּҸ .

  5.2.     ־ ϳ?

   ý Ʈ    ٸ  ִ. Ŀ õ
   ׻ `init' Ҹ α׷ ȴ. init α׷
  /etc/inittab ڽ   о  Ʈ  Ѵ.
    Miguel van Smoorenburg  ߵ System V (Five)
   ϰ    ٸ init  ִ.

  init α׷ ׻ ϴٴ ǿ ұϰ  
  ý Ʈ  ٸ  ȴ.

  Ϲ /etc/inittab  Ʒ  Ʈ ϰ ִ.

               si::sysinit:/etc/init.d/boot

    Ʈ   óϴ  ũƮ  ̸
  Ѵ.    MS-DOS AUTOEXEC.BAT ϰ  鿡 
  ̴.

  Ʈ ũƮ Ҹ ٸ ũƮ鵵 Ϲ ϸ  
   ͵  ϳ ӿ Ʈ ȴ.

  Ʒ ǥ  ýۿ  ˷ش.

       ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
          | Interface Config/Routing          | Server Initialization
       ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
       Debian   | /etc/init.d/network               | /etc/rc2.d/*
       ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
       Slackware| /etc/rc.d/rc.inet1                | /etc/rc.d/rc.inet2
       ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
       RedHat   | /etc/rc.d/init.d/network          | /etc/rc.d/rc3.d/*
       ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

  Debian RedHat ý 񽺸 ϴ ȣƮ ũƮ鿡
  丮 ü ϰ ִٴ  ָ϶. (   ϵ
  ȿ  ʴ.   RedHat ý  ý 
  /etc/sysconfig  ϵ鿡 Ѵ.)  Ʈ  ڼ 
  ˰ ʹٸ /etc/inittab init ϴ  鿩  
  Ѵ.    ý ʱȭ    ̸ 
      ö  ũų ̴.

  κ    Ϲ Ʈ ̽  
  ִ α׷ ϰ ִ. ̵ ϳ  ִٸ 
    ϱ   ͵  ϴ    ִ
   .

          -----------------------------------------
              | Ʈ  α׷
          -----------------------------------------
          RedHat    | /usr/bin/netcfg
          Slackware | /sbin/netconfig
          -----------------------------------------

  5.3.  ڽ Ʈ ̽ 

   н ü Ʈ ġ /dev   
   ƴϴ.  Ʈ ġ Ʈ 
    ġ   ʿ䰡 .

  κ 쿡 Ʈ ġ ϵ ġ ϰ ʱȭϴ 
  ġ ̹  ڵ ȴ.   ̴ ġ
  ̹ eth[0..n] ̽ ̴ ϵ ġ ϸ鼭
   Ѵ.

  ׷ slip ppp   쿡 Ʈ ġ  α׷
  ۵  .   ġ ȣ ް ġ
   ÿ ڵ  ʴ´. ̷  ̴ ġʹ ޸
   slip ̳ ppp ġ  ӽ  ð  ٲ 
  ֱ ̴.

  5.4.  Ʈ ̽ ϱ

   ʿ α׷ ּ, Ʈ    ִٸ
  Ʈ ̽   ִ. Ʈ ̽   
   츮 Ʈ ġ ˸ ּҸ Ҵϰ ٸ  鿡
  ˸  Ҵϴ   ϰ ִ ̴.

    Ʒ  ɾ Ѵ.

               root# ifconfig eth0 192.168.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 up

   쿡  `192.168.0.1' IP ּҿ `255.255.255.0' Ʈ
  ũ  ̴ ̽ `eth0' ϰ ִ. ɹ
    `up' ̽ ۵ϵ  ϴ  ⺻
  ̹Ƿ   ִ. ̽ ۵ ߱ ؼ ܼ
  ``ifconfig eth0 down''  ָ ȴ.

  ̽   Ŀ  ⺻ Ѵ. 
   ̽ Ʈ ּҿ εĳƮ ּҸ 
    ʴ´ٸ   ó Ŀ    ũ
  Ͽ    ̸ ݸũ  ʾҴٸ
   IP ּ Ʈ Ŭ ؼ   ̴. 
   Ŀ ̽ Ǵ Ʈ C Ŭ ϰ
  Ʈ ּҸ `192.168.0.0', εĳƮ ּҸ `192.168.0.255'
  Ͽ.

   ܿ ifconfig ɾ  ٸ ɼǵ ִ.  ͵  
  ߿ ͵  .

     up  ɼ ̽ ۵Ų(׸ ⺻ ̴).

     down
         ɼ ̽  .

     [-]arp
         ɼ  ̽ address resolution protocol 
         Űų .

     [-]allmulti
         ɼ  hardware multicast packet   Űų
        . Hardware multicast ȣƮ ׷ Ư 
         Ŷ   ֵ ش. desktop videoconferencing
          α׷   ߿ 𸣳 Ϲ
         ʴ´.

     mtu N
          ġ MTU    ְ ش.

     netmask <addr>
          ġ  Ʈ Ʈ ũ   ֵ
        ش.

     irq <addr>
          Ư  ϵ ۵ϸ ġ ϵ
        IRQ    ֵ ش.

     [-]broadcast [addr]
          broadcast ּҷ  Ÿ׷  
        ϰ Űų .

     [-]pointopoint [addr]
          slip̳ ppp point to point  
        ӽ ּҸ   ֵ ش.

     hw <type> <addr>
            Ʈ ġ ϵ ּҸ  
        ֵ ش.   ̴ݿ ״   AX.25
         ٸ  Ʈ ϴ.

    Ʈ ̽ ifconfig    ִ.
  pppd dip  α׷ Ʈ ġ  ÿ 
  ϹǷ ifconfig   ʿ .

  5.5.  Name Resolver 

  `Name Resolver'  ǥ ̺귯 Ϻ̴. ⺻ 
  ڿ  `ftp.funet.fi' ȣƮ 迡 
  128.214.248.6 IP ּҷ ٲִ 񽺸 ϴ ̴.

  5.5.1.  name̶ ΰ?

   Ƹ ͳ ȣƮ ͼ ̳ װ͵  ǰ
     ̴. ͳ θ ٺ 
  ̸ ٽ  tree   . `domain' name 
  Ȥ ̴. `domain' `subdomain' ٽ ɰ   ִ.
  `toplevel domain' subdomain ƴ domain̴. Top Level Domain
  RFC-920 õǾ ִ.   ̴ top level domain  
   .

     COM
         

     EDU
         

     GOV
         

     MIL
         

     ORG
        Ÿ 

     NET
        ͳ  

     Country Designator
        Ư  Ÿ   ڵ̴. (:  
        ѱ .kr, Ϻ .jp)

     ̱ `.us'  domain  
  ұϰ    top level domain(ex. .com, .edu )
   domain  κ ̱  鿡  Ǿ. ׷
  .com  .org ־  ׷  ̱  󿡼 
  δ.

   top level domain  subdomain  ִ.  ̸
   top level domain  ٽ com edu, gov, mil, org
  domain鿡  subdomain ɰ.   Ʈϸ
    α   com.au gov.au   ִ.
  ׷ ̴ Ϲ Ģ ƴϸ  domain   
  å ޷ִ.

    domain κ  ̸ Ÿ.  ̻
  subdomain ſ پؼ   μ  ϰų 
  Ʈ ڿ  ߿ϰ Ǵ ؿ .

  name   κ ׻ ȣƮ ӽſ Ҵ  ̸̸
  `hostname'̶ Ҹ. hostname ʿ ִ name κ
  `domainname'̶ Ҹ ü name `Fully Qulified Domain Name'̶
  θ.

  Ϸʷ Terry ȣƮ ϱ ؼ fully qulified domain name
  `perf.no.itg.telstra.com.au'̴. ̰ host name `perf'̰ domain
  name `no.itg.telstra.com.au'  Ÿ. domain name
  (Terry) , Australia  top level domain  ΰ
    email ּҴ     `.com'  level
  domain  . ȸ ̸ `telstrs'̸()  
     ϰ ִµ  쿡  ӽ(Terry ӽ)
  Network Operations section Information Technology Group ִ.

  Ϲ name ſ ª.    ISP ``systemy.it''
  Ҹ     ``linux.it''̶ Ҹ com̳ org
  subdomain  ʾƼ  ȣƮ ``morgana.systemy.it''̰
  rubini@linux.it  email ̴ּ. domain ڰ subdomain
   ƴ϶ hostname  Ǹ ٴ  ض.  
  linux.it ڰ LUG  subdomain  Ϳ ߱ 
    LUG pluto.linux.it domain Ѵ.

  5.5.2.   ʿ 

    ȣƮ ̸  domain ˾ƾ Ѵ. name
  resolver software `Domain Name Server' û Ͽ  name ȯ
  񽺸 Ƿ    ִ local nameserver IPּҸ
   ʿ䰡  ̴.

   ؾ      ̸ ʴ ٷڴ.

  5.5.3.  /etc/resolv.conf

  /etc/resolv.conf name resolver code    ̴.  
  ſ ؼ ٴ   Ű带  ؽƮ ̴. Ư
  ̴   Ű尡  Ʒ .

     domain
         Ű local domain name Ѵ.

     search
         Ű hostname ã  ٸ domain Ʈ
        Ѵ.

     nameserver
         Ű name resolving    domain name
        server IP ּҸ ϸ    ִ.  (:
        hostname ش IP ּҷ ȯϴ  name resolving̶ Ѵ.
        ̸ ȯ  츮    ְ Ȯ ǹ 
         name resolving  ״ ϰڴ.)

  /etc/resolv.conf  Ʒ .

               domain maths.wu.edu.au
               search maths.wu.edu.au wu.edu.au
               nameserver 192.168.10.1
               nameserver 192.168.12.1

    unqualified name(domain  hostname) ڿ  ⺻
  domain name maths.wu.edu.au̸  domain ȣƮ ã 
  wu.edu.au domain  ãƺ  ϰ ִ.   nameserver
  Ʈ ִµ  name resolveϱ  name resolver code
   䱸  ̴.

  5.5.4.  /etc/host.conf

  /etc/host.conf  name resolver code ൿ ϴ 
  ׸ ϴ ̴.    `resolv+'  
  ڼ ִ.   ȯ濡 Ʒ   ۵ ̴.

          order hosts,bind
          multi on

    name resolver nameserver   
  /etc/hosts   ˻ϰ ó ߰ߵǴ ϳ  /etc/hosts
   ȿ ߰ߵ ȣƮ شϴ  ּҸ ֵ ϰ ִ.

  5.5.5.  /etc/hosts

  /etc/hosts   ȣƮ name IP ּҵ ־δ ̴.
    ȿ ȣƮ ־  IP ּҸ    domain name
  server ˻ ʿ䰡 . ׷ ȣƮ IP ּҰ ٲ 
  ΰ   ֽ  ؾ Ѵٴ  ̴. 
   ýۿ   ȿ  hostname  loopback
  ̽  ȣƮ name̴.

               # /etc/hosts
               127.0.0.1      localhost loopback
               192.168.0.1    this.host.name

  ù ° Ʈó  ο  ̻ host name    ù
  Ʈ loopback ̽  ǥ Ʈ̴.

  5.5.6.  name server 

   nameserver ⸦ Ѵٸ    ִ. DNS-HOWTO
    BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Domain)  Ե
   ϶.

  5.6.  loopback ̽ ϱ

  `loopback' ̽  ڽſ   ֵ ִ Ư
  ̴̽. ̰ ʿ   ִµ   Ʈ ٸ
    鼭  Ʈ Ʈ غ  ִ.
  ǻ `127.0.0.1' IP ּҰ loopback ҴǾ Դ. 
   ӽ  127.0.0.1 telnet  ٸ  ȣƮ
  ӵ ̴.

  loopback ̽  ϸ ݵ ؾ Ѵ(׷ 
  ۾  ǥ ʱȭ ũƮ ).

               root# ifconfig lo 127.0.0.1
               root# route add -host 127.0.0.1 lo

   κп route ɿ  ϰڴ.

  5.7.  .

   ߿ ̸ װͿ  β å  ͵ 
  ʴ.   κ ſ      ̰
  Ϻδ װ   ̴.   Ϻ ⺻ ʿ
  ؼ ٷ ̴.    ڼ 뿡  ִٸ  
  ó  ۷   Ѵ.

  켱 Ǻ Ѵ. IP ̶ ΰ? Ʒ  ϰ
  ִ ̴.

       IP    Ʈ   ȣƮ ڽ
        Ÿ׷   ϴ ̴.

  ̸   Բ ϴ   𸥴.  繫
  ͸ غ װ ͳ PPP ũ̼ǵ鿡
    ̴ κе, ٸ 繫Ƿ PPP   
  ̴. ʹ ڽ Ʈ    κ Ÿ׷
     Ÿ׷  ڽ ̽ ϴµ
   ī ̴. ܼ ȣƮ鵵  ʿ. 
  ͳ ȣƮ   Ʈ ġ  ִµ ϳ 
   loopback ̰̽ ٸ ϳ ̴̳ PPP, SLIP 
  ڽ  Ʈ ϱ  ϴ ̴̽.

  ׷   ۵ϴ°?  ȣƮ  ̶̺
  Ҹ  Ģ Ư Ʈ  ִ.  ̺
  Ϲ   ̻ ʵ带  (row)  ִ. ù °
  ǥ ּ̰  ° Ÿ׷ ߼۵ ̽ ̸̸ 
  ° Ʈ 󿡼 Ÿ׷   ܰ迡  ٸ ӽ
  IP ּҸ    ִ.      
    ̺    ִ.

               user% cat /proc/net/route

  Ȥ     ִ.

               user% /sbin/route -n
               user% netstat -r

    ſ ܼϴ. Ÿ׷ ޾  ּҰ
  ˻ǰ ̺  Ʈ 񱳵ȴ.  ּҿ  ˸´
  Ʈ õǰ ش ̽ Ÿ׷ ޵ȴ. Ʈ
  ʵ忡  Ѵٸ Ÿ׷ õ ̽  
  ȣƮ ۵ ̰ ׷ ʴٸ  ּҰ  ̽
   Ʈ  ִٰ .

   ̺ ٷ ؼ Ư  ʿϴ.   
  ڵ ޾Ƶ鿩 ̸ Ŀο  Ʈ ߰,  Ȥ
  ϵ 䱸ϴ Ŀ ý ݷ Ѵ.   `route'.

    .  ̴ Ʈ ִٰ . ּҰ
  192.168.1.0 class-C Ʈ̶  ˰ ְ 192.168.1.10 IP
  ּҸ ϵ ޾ ͳݿ  Ͱ 192.168.1.1
  ̶  ˰ ִ.

       ̽ ϴ ̴.  
    ̴.

               root# ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.10 netmask 255.255.255.0 up

  ּҰ 192.168.1.* شϴ ȣƮ鿡  Ÿ׷ 
  ̴ ġ  Ŀο ˷ֱ ؼ  ̺
  Ʈ  ʿ䰡 ִ.

               root# route add -net 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 eth0

   Ʈ Ʈ Ʈ  Ʈ α׷ ˷ֱ ؼ
  `-net' ڸ  Ϳ Ѵ. ̿ܿ `-host' Ͽ Ư
   IP ּҷ    ִ.

    п  ̴ Ʈ   ȣƮ鿡 IP
     ֵ  ̴. ׷  ̴ Ʈ  
   IP ȣƮ Ѱ?

     Ʈ   ߰ϴ  ſ 
  ̸   ۾ ܼȭϱ  Ǵ, `default' Ʈ 
  Ҹ Ư  ִ. default Ʈ   
  ǳ ſ ؼ ش ּҿ Ǵ ٸ Ʈ ִٸ
  ̰ default Ʈ  δ. default Ʈ  ܼ
  "ٸ  ͵ ̰ Ѵ" ϵ ϴ ̴.  
      Ʈ ϵ ߴ.

               root# route add default gw 192.168.1.1 eth0

  `gw' ڴ Ʈ ɿ  ڰ  Ʈ Ǵ 
  Ÿ׷ ٸ     Ʈ̳  
  ̸ Ȥ IPּҶ  ش.

   ϼ  Ʒ .

               root# ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.10 netmask 255.255.255.0 up
               root# route add -net 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 eth0
               root# route add default gw 192.168.1.1 eth0

   Ʈ `rc'  ڼ 鿩ٺٸ ̿  ̴
  ϳ ̻ ͵ ߰ ̴. ̴ ſ Ϲ ̴.

        . տ Դ, ͳ PPP
   ϰ 繫  ũ̼ǵ鰣   ϴ
    Ѵٰ  .  Ͱ   ̴ κа
    PPP   ִٰ . 츮   Ʒ
   ̴.

               root# route add -net 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 eth0
               root# route add -net 192.168.2.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 eth1
               root# route add -net 192.168.3.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 eth2
               root# route add default ppp0

   ũ̼ǵ  ͺ   ̿ ̰
  ͸  Ʈ   ʿ䰡 ִ. ֳϸ
  ũ̼ǵ default Ʈ ī   ˸°
  йϴ  Ϳ ܵ ä   ޾Ƶ̱
  ̴.   default Ʈ `gw'   
  ̻  ̴.  ϴ. PPP slip ø 
    Ʈ       ȣƮ  ִ.
   ݴ  ȣƮ Ʈ̷ ϴ  ǹϸ 
     ߺ ̴.  ̷  Ʈ ῡ
  ؼ Ʈ̸  ʿ䰡 . ̴̳ ũ, ū 
   ٸ  Ʈ   ȣƮ ϱ 
  Ʈ̰ õǾ Ѵ.

  5.7.1.  ׷, routed  α׷ ϴ   ?

       ܼ ϳ θ ϴ
   Ʈ ȯ濡  ˸´. Ʈ   ϴٸ 
  ͵  .  Ե  κп ̰ ߿ġ 
  ̴.

  Ȱ  ` (manual routing)'̳ ` (static
  routing)'   ū  Ʈ   ų 谡
  ׾  Ÿ׷ ٸ  - ٸ ΰ ִٸ -  
    ߰     Ű ̴.
  翬 ̰ ϰ  ̸  ų  .
  Ʈ  ߻ ٸ ΰ    ̺ ڵ
  ִ   Ǿ ԰    ` 
  (dynamic routing protocols)'̶  .

    Ϲ   ݿ   ̴.
    Ǵ  RIP (Routing Information Protocol) OSPF
  (Open Shortest Path First Protocol)̴. RIP ߼ұ Ʈ̳
    Ʈ   ũ Ʈ ſ  ̿ȴ.
  OSPF RIP ֱٿ ԰ Ը ū Ʈ  ٷ  ְ
  Ʈ ȿ    ſ  ȯ濡   ϴ. 
  ݵ ǥ  `routed' - RIP  `gated' - RIP, OSPF
  ̴. `routed' α׷ κ   ⺻ Ǹ
  Ȥ  ڼ  `NetKit' ȿ ԵǾ ִ.

      ϴ     Ʒ
  ִ.

           192.168.1.0 /                         192.168.2.0 /
              255.255.255.0                         255.255.255.0
            -                                     -
            |                                     |
            |   /-----\                 /-----\   |
            |   |     |ppp0   //    ppp0|     |   |
       eth0 |---|  A  |------//---------|  B  |---| eth0
            |   |     |     //          |     |   |
            |   \-----/                 \-----/   |
            |      \ ppp1             ppp1 /      |
            -       \                     /       -
                     \                   /
                      \                 /
                       \               /
                        \             /
                         \           /
                          \         /
                           \       /
                            \     /
                         ppp0\   /ppp1
                            /-----\
                            |     |
                            |  C  |
                            |     |
                            \-----/
                               |eth0
                               |
                          |---------|
                          192.168.3.0 /
                             255.255.255.0

  츮 A, B, C ̷   ͸  ִ.  C Ŭ
  (ݸũ 255.255.255.0)  ̴ Ʈ κ Ѵ.  
  ʹ ٸ ͷ PPP   ִ. Ʈ ﰢ
  ׸ .

   A  ̺ Ʒ ƾ Ѵ.

          root# route add -net 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 eth0
          root# route add -net 192.168.2.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 ppp0
          root# route add -net 192.168.3.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 ppp1

   A B     ۵ϰ ־. 
   Ʈ  (A B)  A ̴ κ 
  ȣƮ B ̴ κ  ȣƮ   . 
  Ÿ׷  ִ A ppp0   ̴. A
  ȣƮ  C ̴ κ  ȣƮ  ϰ C
   ȣƮ鵵 B  ȣƮ  ϴ.  B C 
   ֱ ̴.

  ׷  غ. A C   ְ C B  
  ִٸ  A ʹ B  Ÿ׷ C ؼ  C
  ׵ B   ʴ°? RIP   (dynamic
  routing protocols) ٷ ̷  ذϱ  . 
  A, B, C     ִٸ  Ʈ   
  ϳ   ο Ʈ ¸ ݿϱ  
  ̺ ڵ  ̴. ̷ Ʈ ϴ 
  ؼ  Ϳ    ϸ ָ ȴ.  A 

               root# route add -net 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 eth0
               root# /usr/sbin/routed

  `routed'   ۽ÿ   Ʈ Ʈ ڵ
  ã  ȣƮ  ̺ ϰ ϱ   Ʈ
  ġ ޽ ų ޴´.

  ݱ   ſ  ̾ ̸ ϴ 
  Ҵ.     Ѵٸ   տ ŵ 
    Ѵ.

   ð õ ߿ 

  1.    ӽ   ߿ 
      ִ        ʿ䰡 ִ.

  2.    Ʈ ȭ ߱   ̺
     ڵ Ѵ.

  3. RIP  Ը Ʈ ˸´.

  5.8.  Ʈ   .

  Ʈ  񽺴  ڿ   ӽ
  ϵ  ִ α׷̴.  α׷ Ʈ Ʈ 
  ޽ ޴´.  Ʈ Ʈ Ư ȣƮ Ư 񽺸 Īϴ
  ̸  û  telnet  ftp  ϴ
  ̴.  ڴ  ӽſ Ʈ   
  α׷ Ʈ  α׷  Ʈ  ִٰ 
  ޾Ƶ̰ ۾ Ѵ. Ʈ  ۵ϴ   
  ִµ     ȴ.  
     standalone
        Ʈ  α׷ ش Ʈ Ʈ  ִٰ 
          ڽ Ʈ  ؼ 񽺸 Ѵ.

     slave to the inetd server
        inetd   Ʈ   ٷ Ư
        Ʈ ̴.   ޾Ƶ鿩  ؾ 
        α׷ ˷ִ    ִ.   Ʈ
        tcp udp Ȥ  ٸ ϵ   ִ. Ʈ  
        ٸ Ͽ ȴ.

   ʿ䰡 ִ   ߿  ִ. װ Ʈ ȣ
  ̸ οϴ /etc/servicesϰ inetd Ʈ   
  /etc/inetd.conf̴.

  5.8.1.  /etc/services

  /etc/services   ģ ̸ 谡 ģ 
  Ʈ οϴ  Ÿ̽.  ſ ܼϴ.  ٿ
  Ÿ̽ Ʈ  ؽƮ ̴.  Ʈ
  whitespace(tab̳ space) ڷ еǴ   ʵ带  ִµ
   ʵ  .

    name      port/protocol        aliases     # comment

     name
        Ǵ 񽺸 Ÿ  ܾ  ̸

     port/protocol
         ʵ   ʵ .

     port
         񽺰  Ʈ ȣ ϴ . κ
        Ϲ 񽺵  ȣ ̹ ο޾Ҵ. ̴
        RFC-1340 õǾ ִ.

     protocol
         ʵ tcp udp  ȴ.

        18/tcp 18/udp Ʈ ſ ٸ  񽺸 
        (tcp udp) ϴ    . 
         ϸ   ٿ  Ʈ   Ư
        񽺰 tcp udp  ٸ    ̴.

     aliases
          Ʈ ϱ  Ǵ ٸ ̸

  `#'     ּ  õȴ.

  5.8.1.1.  /etc/services   

       /etc/services  Ѵ. 
   ӽ ó ٽ  츦   Debian
   Ǵ /etc/services   ִ.

  # /etc/services:
  # $Id: services,v 1.3 1996/05/06 21:42:37 tobias Exp $
  #
  # Network services, Internet style
  #
  # Note that it is presently the policy of IANA to assign a single well-known
  # port number for both TCP and UDP; hence, most entries here have two entries
  # even if the protocol doesn't support UDP operations.
  # Updated from RFC 1340, ``Assigned Numbers'' (July 1992).  Not all ports
  # are included, only the more common ones.

  tcpmux          1/tcp                           # TCP port service multiplexer
  echo            7/tcp
  echo            7/udp
  discard         9/tcp           sink null
  discard         9/udp           sink null
  systat          11/tcp          users
  daytime         13/tcp
  daytime         13/udp
  netstat         15/tcp
  qotd            17/tcp          quote
  msp             18/tcp                          # message send protocol
  msp             18/udp                          # message send protocol
  chargen         19/tcp          ttytst source
  chargen         19/udp          ttytst source
  ftp-data        20/tcp
  ftp             21/tcp
  ssh             22/tcp                          # SSH Remote Login Protocol
  ssh             22/udp                          # SSH Remote Login Protocol
  telnet          23/tcp
  # 24 - private
  smtp            25/tcp          mail
  # 26 - unassigned
  time            37/tcp          timserver
  time            37/udp          timserver
  rlp             39/udp          resource        # resource location
  nameserver      42/tcp          name            # IEN 116
  whois           43/tcp          nicname
  re-mail-ck      50/tcp                          # Remote Mail Checking Protocol
  re-mail-ck      50/udp                          # Remote Mail Checking Protocol
  domain          53/tcp          nameserver      # name-domain server
  domain          53/udp          nameserver
  mtp             57/tcp                          # deprecated
  bootps          67/tcp                          # BOOTP server
  bootps          67/udp
  bootpc          68/tcp                          # BOOTP client
  bootpc          68/udp
  tftp            69/udp
  gopher          70/tcp                          # Internet Gopher
  gopher          70/udp
  rje             77/tcp          netrjs
  finger          79/tcp
  www             80/tcp          http            # WorldWideWeb HTTP
  www             80/udp                          # HyperText Transfer Protocol
  link            87/tcp          ttylink
  kerberos        88/tcp          kerberos5 krb5  # Kerberos v5
  kerberos        88/udp          kerberos5 krb5  # Kerberos v5
  supdup          95/tcp
  # 100 - reserved
  hostnames       101/tcp         hostname        # usually from sri-nic
  iso-tsap        102/tcp         tsap            # part of ISODE.
  csnet-ns        105/tcp         cso-ns          # also used by CSO name server
  csnet-ns        105/udp         cso-ns
  rtelnet         107/tcp                         # Remote Telnet
  rtelnet         107/udp
  pop-2           109/tcp         postoffice      # POP version 2
  pop-2           109/udp
  pop-3           110/tcp                         # POP version 3
  pop-3           110/udp
  sunrpc          111/tcp         portmapper      # RPC 4.0 portmapper TCP
  sunrpc          111/udp         portmapper      # RPC 4.0 portmapper UDP
  auth            113/tcp         authentication tap ident
  sftp            115/tcp
  uucp-path       117/tcp
  nntp            119/tcp         readnews untp   # USENET News Transfer Protocol
  ntp             123/tcp
  ntp             123/udp                         # Network Time Protocol
  netbios-ns      137/tcp                         # NETBIOS Name Service
  netbios-ns      137/udp
  netbios-dgm     138/tcp                         # NETBIOS Datagram Service
  netbios-dgm     138/udp
  netbios-ssn     139/tcp                         # NETBIOS session service
  netbios-ssn     139/udp
  imap2           143/tcp                         # Interim Mail Access Proto v2
  imap2           143/udp
  snmp            161/udp                         # Simple Net Mgmt Proto
  snmp-trap       162/udp         snmptrap        # Traps for SNMP
  cmip-man        163/tcp                         # ISO mgmt over IP (CMOT)
  cmip-man        163/udp
  cmip-agent      164/tcp
  cmip-agent      164/udp
  xdmcp           177/tcp                         # X Display Mgr. Control Proto
  xdmcp           177/udp
  nextstep        178/tcp         NeXTStep NextStep       # NeXTStep window
  nextstep        178/udp         NeXTStep NextStep       # server
  bgp             179/tcp                         # Border Gateway Proto.
  bgp             179/udp
  prospero        191/tcp                         # Cliff Neuman's Prospero
  prospero        191/udp
  irc             194/tcp                         # Internet Relay Chat
  irc             194/udp
  smux            199/tcp                         # SNMP Unix Multiplexer
  smux            199/udp
  at-rtmp         201/tcp                         # AppleTalk routing
  at-rtmp         201/udp
  at-nbp          202/tcp                         # AppleTalk name binding
  at-nbp          202/udp
  at-echo         204/tcp                         # AppleTalk echo
  at-echo         204/udp
  at-zis          206/tcp                         # AppleTalk zone information
  at-zis          206/udp
  z3950           210/tcp         wais            # NISO Z39.50 database
  z3950           210/udp         wais
  ipx             213/tcp                         # IPX
  ipx             213/udp
  imap3           220/tcp                         # Interactive Mail Access
  imap3           220/udp                         # Protocol v3
  ulistserv       372/tcp                         # UNIX Listserv
  ulistserv       372/udp
  #
  # UNIX specific services
  #
  exec            512/tcp
  biff            512/udp         comsat
  login           513/tcp
  who             513/udp         whod
  shell           514/tcp         cmd             # no passwords used
  syslog          514/udp
  printer         515/tcp         spooler         # line printer spooler
  talk            517/udp
  ntalk           518/udp
  route           520/udp         router routed   # RIP
  timed           525/udp         timeserver
  tempo           526/tcp         newdate
  courier         530/tcp         rpc
  conference      531/tcp         chat
  netnews         532/tcp         readnews
  netwall         533/udp                         # -for emergency broadcasts
  uucp            540/tcp         uucpd           # uucp daemon
  remotefs        556/tcp         rfs_server rfs  # Brunhoff remote filesystem
  klogin          543/tcp                         # Kerberized `rlogin' (v5)
  kshell          544/tcp         krcmd           # Kerberized `rsh' (v5)
  kerberos-adm    749/tcp                         # Kerberos `kadmin' (v5)
  #
  webster         765/tcp                         # Network dictionary
  webster         765/udp
  #
  # From ``Assigned Numbers'':
  #
  #> The Registered Ports are not controlled by the IANA and on most systems
  #> can be used by ordinary user processes or programs executed by ordinary
  #> users.
  #
  #> Ports are used in the TCP [45,106] to name the ends of logical
  #> connections which carry long term conversations.  For the purpose of
  #> providing services to unknown callers, a service contact port is
  #> defined.  This list specifies the port used by the server process as its
  #> contact port.  While the IANA can not control uses of these ports it
  #> does register or list uses of these ports as a convenience to the
  #> community.
  #
  ingreslock      1524/tcp
  ingreslock      1524/udp
  prospero-np     1525/tcp                # Prospero non-privileged
  prospero-np     1525/udp
  rfe             5002/tcp                # Radio Free Ethernet
  rfe             5002/udp                # Actually uses UDP only
  bbs             7000/tcp                # BBS service
  #
  #
  # Kerberos (Project Athena/MIT) services
  # Note that these are for Kerberos v4 and are unofficial.  Sites running
  # v4 should uncomment these and comment out the v5 entries above.
  #
  kerberos4       750/udp         kdc     # Kerberos (server) udp
  kerberos4       750/tcp         kdc     # Kerberos (server) tcp
  kerberos_master 751/udp                 # Kerberos authentication
  kerberos_master 751/tcp                 # Kerberos authentication
  passwd_server   752/udp                 # Kerberos passwd server
  krb_prop        754/tcp                 # Kerberos slave propagation
  krbupdate       760/tcp         kreg    # Kerberos registration
  kpasswd         761/tcp         kpwd    # Kerberos "passwd"
  kpop            1109/tcp                # Pop with Kerberos
  knetd           2053/tcp                # Kerberos de-multiplexor
  zephyr-srv      2102/udp                # Zephyr server
  zephyr-clt      2103/udp                # Zephyr serv-hm connection
  zephyr-hm       2104/udp                # Zephyr hostmanager
  eklogin         2105/tcp                # Kerberos encrypted rlogin
  #
  # Unofficial but necessary (for NetBSD) services
  #
  supfilesrv      871/tcp                 # SUP server
  supfiledbg      1127/tcp                # SUP debugging
  #
  # Datagram Delivery Protocol services
  #
  rtmp            1/ddp                   # Routing Table Maintenance Protocol
  nbp             2/ddp                   # Name Binding Protocol
  echo            4/ddp                   # AppleTalk Echo Protocol
  zip             6/ddp                   # Zone Information Protocol
  #
  # Debian GNU/Linux services
  rmtcfg          1236/tcp                # Gracilis Packeten remote config server
  xtel            1313/tcp                # french minitel
  cfinger         2003/tcp                # GNU Finger
  postgres        4321/tcp                # POSTGRES
  mandelspawn     9359/udp        mandelbrot      # network mandelbrot

  # Local services

    񽺰 ܳ ϵ Ŀ.   
  ҿϴٰ Ǹ ֽ  /etc/services   
  Ѵ.

  5.8.2.  /etc/inetd.conf

  /etc/inetd.conf  inetd    ̴.  
  inetd Ư 񽺿   û ޾   ؾ
  ϴ ˷ִ ̴.   ޾Ƶ  񽺿 
   inetd   Ʈ     ˷
  Ѵ.

    ĵ ſ ϴ. Ϸ 񽺸 ϴ ε
  ̷ ؽƮ ̴. `#' ϴ   ؽƮ ּ
  ֵǾ õȴ.   whitespace(tab̳ space) ڷ еǴ
  ϰ ʵ Ǹ whitespace  . Ϲ 
   .

         service  socket_type  proto  flags  user  server_path  server_args

     service
        /etc/services Ͽ    شϴ 񽺴.

     socket_type
         Ʈ ˸´   Ÿ ʵ̸  
        stream, dgram, raw, rdm, seqpacket ̴.   
         ǻ   tcp  񽺴 stream, udp 
        񽺵 dgram Ѵ. ٸ     ſ
        Ư  ̴.

     proto
         Ʈ  .   /etc/services  
        ش Ʈ ġؾ ϸ  tcp̰ų udp̴. 
        RPC (Remote Procedure Call)   rpc/tcp rpc/udp
        Ѵ.

     flags
         ʵ忡      ̴.  ʵ inetd Ʈ
         α׷ ۵ Ŀ   ִ ˷ָ
         inetd ٸ  û     
         ƴϸ ̹       û ٷ絵
        ؾ ˷ش.  Ȯ ذ ƴϰ ǻ 
        tcp   ʵ尪 nowait ǵ ϰ udp 
        wait ´. ̿  ܰ  ؾ ϸ
         Ȯġ     ϵ ض.

     user
         ʵ /etc/passwd      ۵Ǵ
        Ʈ  ڰ   Ÿ.  
        ÷    ̴ ſ ϴ. Ʈ 
           ظ ּȭϵ Ʈ ڸ nobody
          ִ. ׷   ʵ root Ǵµ ̴ 
          ۵  Ʈ  ʿ ϱ ̴.

     server_path
         ʵ  Ʈ Ű   α׷
        ̴.

     server_args
         ʵ   κ ̷ û̴.  ʵ
          α׷   Ѱ ڵ ־ ̴.

  5.8.2.1.  /etc/inetd.conf  

  /etc/services ó    ׳ ⿡  
  /etc/inetd.conf  ϰ ִ. Ʒ Debian  ִ
  /etc/inetd.conf ̴.

  # /etc/inetd.conf:  see inetd(8) for further informations.
  #
  # Internet server configuration database
  #
  #
  # Modified for Debian by Peter Tobias <tobias@et-inf.fho-emden.de>
  #
  # <service_name> <sock_type> <proto> <flags> <user> <server_path> <args>
  #
  # Internal services
  #
  #echo           stream  tcp     nowait  root    internal
  #echo           dgram   udp     wait    root    internal
  discard         stream  tcp     nowait  root    internal
  discard         dgram   udp     wait    root    internal
  daytime         stream  tcp     nowait  root    internal
  daytime         dgram   udp     wait    root    internal
  #chargen        stream  tcp     nowait  root    internal
  #chargen        dgram   udp     wait    root    internal
  time            stream  tcp     nowait  root    internal
  time            dgram   udp     wait    root    internal
  #
  # These are standard services.
  #
  telnet  stream  tcp     nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.telnetd
  ftp     stream  tcp     nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.ftpd
  #fsp    dgram   udp     wait    root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.fspd
  #
  # Shell, login, exec and talk are BSD protocols.
  #
  shell   stream  tcp     nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.rshd
  login   stream  tcp     nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.rlogind
  #exec   stream  tcp     nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.rexecd
  talk    dgram   udp     wait    root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.talkd
  ntalk   dgram   udp     wait    root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.ntalkd
  #
  # Mail, news and uucp services.
  #
  smtp    stream  tcp     nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.smtpd
  #nntp   stream  tcp     nowait  news    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.nntpd
  #uucp   stream  tcp     nowait  uucp    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/lib/uucp/uucico
  #comsat dgram   udp     wait    root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.comsat
  #
  # Pop et al
  #
  #pop-2  stream  tcp     nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.pop2d
  #pop-3  stream  tcp     nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.pop3d
  #
  # `cfinger' is for the GNU finger server available for Debian.  (NOTE: The
  # current implementation of the `finger' daemon allows it to be run as `root'.)
  #
  #cfinger stream tcp     nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.cfingerd
  #finger stream  tcp     nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.fingerd
  #netstat        stream  tcp     nowait  nobody  /usr/sbin/tcpd  /bin/netstat
  #systat stream  tcp     nowait  nobody  /usr/sbin/tcpd  /bin/ps -auwwx
  #
  # Tftp service is provided primarily for booting.  Most sites
  # run this only on machines acting as "boot servers."
  #
  #tftp   dgram   udp     wait    nobody  /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.tftpd
  #tftp   dgram   udp     wait    nobody  /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.tftpd /boot
  #bootps dgram   udp     wait    root    /usr/sbin/bootpd        bootpd -i -t 120
  #
  # Kerberos authenticated services (these probably need to be corrected)
  #
  #klogin         stream  tcp     nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.rlogind -k
  #eklogin        stream  tcp     nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.rlogind -k -x
  #kshell         stream  tcp     nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.rshd -k
  #
  # Services run ONLY on the Kerberos server (these probably need to be corrected)
  #
  #krbupdate      stream tcp      nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/registerd
  #kpasswd        stream  tcp     nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/kpasswdd
  #
  # RPC based services
  #
  #mountd/1       dgram   rpc/udp wait    root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/rpc.mountd
  #rstatd/1-3     dgram   rpc/udp wait    root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/rpc.rstatd
  #rusersd/2-3    dgram   rpc/udp wait    root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/rpc.rusersd
  #walld/1        dgram   rpc/udp wait    root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/rpc.rwalld
  #
  # End of inetd.conf.
  ident           stream  tcp     nowait  nobody  /usr/sbin/identd        identd -i

  5.9.  ٸ  Ʈ   ϵ

    ־  Ʈ    ϵ 
  ִ.      ʿ䰡  𸣳 ȿ ִ
    ˷ֱ ؼ  ġ ִ.

  5.9.1.  /etc/protocols

  /etc/protocols   id ȣ  ̸ 
  Ÿ̽.   α׷ӵ ڽ α׷ ȿ
   ̸  ϱ  ǰ Ǵ tcpdump
  α׷   ȣ  ̸ ϱ  δ.
  Ϲ   .

         protocolname  number  aliases

  Debian  ִ /etc/protocols  Ʒ .

  # /etc/protocols:
  # $Id: protocols,v 1.1 1995/02/24 01:09:41 imurdock Exp $
  #
  # Internet (IP) protocols
  #
  #       from: @(#)protocols     5.1 (Berkeley) 4/17/89
  #
  # Updated for NetBSD based on RFC 1340, Assigned Numbers (July 1992).

  ip      0       IP              # internet protocol, pseudo protocol number
  icmp    1       ICMP            # internet control message protocol
  igmp    2       IGMP            # Internet Group Management
  ggp     3       GGP             # gateway-gateway protocol
  ipencap 4       IP-ENCAP        # IP encapsulated in IP (officially ``IP'')
  st      5       ST              # ST datagram mode
  tcp     6       TCP             # transmission control protocol
  egp     8       EGP             # exterior gateway protocol
  pup     12      PUP             # PARC universal packet protocol
  udp     17      UDP             # user datagram protocol
  hmp     20      HMP             # host monitoring protocol
  xns-idp 22      XNS-IDP         # Xerox NS IDP
  rdp     27      RDP             # "reliable datagram" protocol
  iso-tp4 29      ISO-TP4         # ISO Transport Protocol class 4
  xtp     36      XTP             # Xpress Tranfer Protocol
  ddp     37      DDP             # Datagram Delivery Protocol
  idpr-cmtp       39      IDPR-CMTP       # IDPR Control Message Transport
  rspf    73      RSPF            # Radio Shortest Path First.
  vmtp    81      VMTP            # Versatile Message Transport
  ospf    89      OSPFIGP         # Open Shortest Path First IGP
  ipip    94      IPIP            # Yet Another IP encapsulation
  encap   98      ENCAP           # Yet Another IP encapsulation

  5.9.2.  /etc/networks

  /etc/networks  /etc/hosts ϰ   Ѵ.   
  Ʈ ּҸ Ʈ ̸   Ÿ̽ Ѵ.
   ٿ    ʵ常 ´ٴ  /etc/hosts ٸ 
  ʵ Ʒó ȴ.

         networkname networkaddress

    ̴.

               loopnet    127.0.0.0
               localnet   192.168.0.0
               amprnet    44.0.0.0

   route     Ʈ̰ /etc/networks 
  ȿ  Ʈ شϴ Ʈ ִٸ route  Ʈ ּ
   ̸  ̴.

  5.10.  Ʈ Ȱ  

   ӽŰ Ʈ ǿ  κ  ȣϴ 
  ſ  ̶   Ű鼭    Ѵ.
    ڽ  о߿  ġ    Ʒ
       ȿ  ϴٸ  о߸ 
     õѴ.   о߿  ſ  ڷ ͳ
   ſ    ϳ Security-HOWTO̴.

  ߿ ⺻Ģ `    ƶ.' ̴.  
    񽺰 Ǿ ڵ ǵ Ǿ ִ.
  ּ   Ű  /etc/inetd.conf Ϸ 
    񽺿 شϴ Ʈ ּ ó (  տ `#'
  δ)  ض. shell, login, exec, uucp, ftp finger, netstat,
  systat   񽺵 ׷ ̴.

  Ȱ       ⺻ ׸ 
  ̴.

  5.10.1.  /etc/ftpusers

  /etc/ftpusers  Ư ڵ ftp   ӽſ
    ϵ ϴ  ̴.  /etc/ftpusers 
   ftp    ftp  α׷ (ftpd)   .
     ϵ  ڵ  ̸ Ʒó
  .

               # /etc/ftpusers - users not allowed to login via ftp
               root
               uucp
               bin
               mail

  5.10.2.  /etc/securetty

  /etc/securetty  root α׿  tty ġ Ѵ.
  /etc/securetty  α α׷ ( /bin/login)  
  .  㰡 tty ġ ̸ ̸ ٸ ġ鿡
  root α ȴ.

               # /etc/securetty - tty's on which root is allowed to login
               tty1
               tty2
               tty3
               tty4

  5.10.3.  tcpd  ȣƮ   

  /etc/inetd.conf ȿ   tcpd α׷  α׷
  ȣϵ  񽺷 α  Ѵ.

  inetdα׷   tcpd ȣϴ   㰡
    Ģ  ִ    оδ.

  񽺿 شϴ  ó Ÿ  ϵ ˻ϰ ˸´
  Ģ   Գ 㰡ȴ.  ˻ϴ 
  /etc/hosts.allow , /etc/hosts.deny ̴.    ʴ 
  ̴.   Ϻ  ؼ  man  ؾ Ѵ
  (hosts_access(5)  ̴).

  5.10.3.1.  /etc/hosts.allow

  /etc/hosts.allow  /usr/sbin/tcpd α׷  ̴.
  hosts.allow   ӽ 񽺿  Ǵ ȣƮ
  Ÿ Ģ ϰ ִ.

     ſ ϴ.

               # /etc/hosts.allow
               #
               # <service list>: <host list> [: command]

     service list
         Ģ Ǵ  ̸ ޸   ̴. 
        ̸ ftpd, telnetd fingerd  ͵̴.

     host list
        ޸ е ȣƮ ̸ ̴. ⿡ IP ּҸ  
        ִ. ߰ ȣƮ ̸ ϰų  ׷ ȣƮ
        Ÿ  ϵī ڸ  ּҸ   ִ. 
         gw.vk2ktj.ampr.org Ư ȣƮ, .uts.edu.au 
        ڿ   ȣƮ ̸, 44.  ڷ ϴ
         IP ּҸ Ÿ.  ϰ ϱ  Ư ȣ
        ִµ, LOCAL `.' ̸ ȿ  ʴ  ȣƮ
        ٽø  ȣƮ    ִ  ȣƮ
        Ÿ PARANOID ̸ ּҰ ġ ʴ  ȣƮ
        (name spoofing) Ÿ. ſ   ȣ ִ.
        EXCEPT   Ÿ  ֵ ش. ̴  
        ٽ ٷ ̴.

     command
         Ű û̴.    Ģ  
           ̸̴.    ȣƮ 
         Ǻϱ     ְ  
        õ  ڿ   ޽    
        ִ.    Ȯ    ̴ ͵
         ȣƮ ̸̳ ּҸ Ÿ %h ҷ 
        ̸ Ÿ %d ̴.

  

         # /etc/hosts.allow
         #
         # Allow mail to anyone
         in.smtpd: ALL
         # All telnet and ftp to only hosts within my domain and my host at home.
         telnetd, ftpd: LOCAL, myhost.athome.org.au
         # Allow finger to anyone but keep a record of who they are.
         fingerd: ALL: (finger @%h | mail -s "finger from %h" root)

  5.10.3.2.  /etc/hosts.deny

  /etc/hosts.deny  /usr/sbin/tcpd α׷  ̴.
  hosts.deny   ӽ 񽺿  ϴ ȣƮ
  Ÿ Ģ  ִ.

    Ʒ .

         # /etc/hosts.deny
         #
         # Disallow all hosts with suspect hostnames
         ALL: PARANOID
         #
         # Disallow all hosts.
         ALL: ALL

  ٸ Ʈ  쿡   ϱ  ǻ PARANOID
  Ʈ ߺ  ̴.   ϳ  Ư 䱸
   ո ⺻   ̴.

  /etc/hosts.deny ȿ ALL: ALL ⺻ ־  ϴ 񽺿
  ȣƮ /etc/hosts.allow  ȿ  㰡ϴ  
   ̴.

  5.10.4.  /etc/hosts.equiv

  hosts.equiv  Ư ȣƮ ڿ ȣ   ӽ
     ֱ  ȴ. ̴   ӽ
  ϴ  ȯ濡  ׷ ʴٸ    
  ִ.  ӽ  ŷϴ ȣƮ    
   ŭ ϴ.   ִȭϱ ؼ  ī 
   ڵ鿡 .rhosts      ϶.

  5.10.5.  ftp   ˸° ϱ

   Ʈ ٸ 鿡 Ư  ID   ø
  ޵ ϱ  ϸӽ(anonymous) ftp   Ϳ 
  ִ.   ̸ ϱ ߴٸ ϸӽ ٿ  ftp
   ˸° ϵ ؾ Ѵ. ftpd(8)  κ man
   ̿     ϰ  ׻ ű⿡ 
  û׵  Ѵ. ߿  ϸӽ  /etc 丮
  ȿ /etc/passwd  纻 ־  Ͱ  ؾ
  ϴ    ͵   ̴. ׷ 
  brute force н ũ    ִ.

  5.10.6.  Ʈ ȭ

  Ÿ׷  ӽ̳    ϵ ϴ 
  ſ Ǹ  ̴. ̴ Firewall-HOWTO   ޺κп
    ڼ ٷ ̴.

  5.10.7.  ٸ ׵

  ؾ  ٸ .

     sendmail
        θ ӿ ұϰ sendmail     ſ
         Ѵ.  п ޷    
         ʱ ߴ.

     NFS and other Sun RPC services
        ſ Ǳ ̵  Ѵ.  񽺵鿡  
           ִ. NFS   ɼǵ ã 
         ̸ ϰ ȴٸ  mount  ο
         ſ ϶.

  6.  IP  ̴  

   κ ̴ݰ IP  õ  ٷ ̴.   з
  װ͵  ``Ư  '' κп  ִ ͵̶
  ߱  . LAN ϴ    κе鿡
     ̴.

  6.1.  Ethernet

  ̴ ġ ̸ `eth0', `eth1', `eth2' ̴. Ŀο  ó
  ߰ߵǴ ī尡 `eth0' οް  ߰ߵǴ  ϳ
  ο޴´.

  ⺻ Ŀ ϳ ̴ ġ ã ٸ ġ ã
  ؼ  Ư  Ŀο  Ѵ.

   󿡼 ̴ ī带 ۵ϵ ϴ  ˰  Ethernet-
  HOWTO ϶.

  Ŀ ̴ ī带 ϵ ˸°  Ŀ ī 
  .

    Ʒ    κ  ̴ ī带
  ϵ  ߴٸ ̸ ̹ ش.

          root# ifconfig eth0 192.168.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 up
          root# route add -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 eth0

  κ ̴ ̹ Donald Becker,
  becker@CESDIS.gsfc.nasa.gov  .

  6.2.  EQL - multiple line traffic equaliser

  EQL ġ ̸ `eql'̴. ǥ Ŀ ҽδ ӽŴ Ѱ EQL ġ
    ִ. EQL PPP slip, plip point-to-point   
    tcp/ip    ֵ ش.  ϳ
     ͺ    ϴ  
  δ.

  Kernel Compile Options:

               Network device support  --->
                   [*] Network device support
                   <*> EQL (serial line load balancing) support

    ϱ ؼ  ݴ ִ ӽŵ EQL ؾ
  Ѵ.   Livingstone Portmasters, ο dial-in  ȣȯ
    Ѵ.

  EQL ϱ ؼ metalab.unc.edu    ִ eql 
  ʿ ̴.

   ſ ̴. eql ̽  Ѵ. eql
  ̽ ٸ Ʈ ġ ϴ. ifconfig ̿Ͽ IP
  ּҿ mtu ϸ Ʒ .

               root# ifconfig eql 192.168.10.1 mtu 1006

  ״    ٵ   ʿ䰡 ִ. ̴ point-
  to-point Ʈ ġ  ̴.  ϴ 
     ٸ ڼ   ش κ Ͽ.

   serial  EQL ġ Ѿ Ѵ. ̴
  `enslaving'̶ Ҹ Ʒ  eql_enslave  ȴ.

          root# eql_enslave eql sl0 28800
          root# eql_enslave eql ppp0 14400

  eql_enslave Ѱִ `estimated speed' Ű  ƹ ͵
   ʴ´. ̴ EQL ̹ ġ  Ÿ׷ Ҵ
  ϸ     뷱   ִ.

   EQL ġκ  ؼ Ʒó eql_emancipate 
  .

               root# eql_emancipate eql sl0

  ٸ point-to-point ó  ִ߰µ   ġ 
  eql ġ Ͱ ϴ  ٸ.  Ʒó .

               root# route add default eql

  EQL ̹ Simon Jones, simon@ncm.com   ߵǾ.

  6.3.  IP Accounting (for Linux-2.0)

   Ŀ IP accounting  Ʈ ϴ ڷ Ƽ
  м  ֵ ش.  ڷ ʱȭ   Ŷ
  Ʈ  ̷.    ̵ з  ִ
  پ Ģ   ִ.  ɼ  ipfwadm  ȭ
   ``ipfwchains'' üǸ鼭 Ŀ 2.1.102 .

  Kernel Compile Options:

               Networking options  --->
                   [*] IP: accounting

  IP accounting ϱ ؼ Ŀ Ͽ ġ  ipfwadm
   ؾ Ѵ.  accounting  ڼ зϴ 
   ִ. ⿡ ϰ   ִ   
   ڼ  ؼ ipfwadm   о ٶ.

  ó:  PPP   ͳݿ  ̴ Ʈ
   ִ.  ̴ 󿡼  񽺸 ϴ ӽ  
  ü tcp, udp Ʈ  ƴ϶ ftp www   񽺿 
  Ʈȵ ˰ ʹ.

   Ʒ  ũƮ ó ̴ ɵ ؾ Ѵ.

               #!/bin/sh
               #
               # Flush the accounting rules
               ipfwadm -A -f
               #
               # Set shortcuts
               localnet=44.136.8.96/29
               any=0/0
               # Add rules for local ethernet segment
               ipfwadm -A in  -a -P tcp -D $localnet ftp-data
               ipfwadm -A out -a -P tcp -S $localnet ftp-data
               ipfwadm -A in  -a -P tcp -D $localnet www
               ipfwadm -A out -a -P tcp -S $localnet www
               ipfwadm -A in  -a -P tcp -D $localnet
               ipfwadm -A out -a -P tcp -S $localnet
               ipfwadm -A in  -a -P udp -D $localnet
               ipfwadm -A out -a -P udp -S $localnet
               #
               # Rules for default
               ipfwadm -A in  -a -P tcp -D $any ftp-data
               ipfwadm -A out -a -P tcp -S $any ftp-data
               ipfwadm -A in  -a -P tcp -D $any www
               ipfwadm -A out -a -P tcp -S $any www
               ipfwadm -A in  -a -P tcp -D $any
               ipfwadm -A out -a -P tcp -S $any
               ipfwadm -A in  -a -P udp -D $any
               ipfwadm -A out -a -P udp -S $any
               #
               # List the rules
               ipfwadm -A -l -n
               #

  ``ftp-data'' ``www'  ̸ /etc/services  ٵ
  Ų.    Accounting Ģ   Ѵ.

  IP accounting м  ؾ   Ǵ  Ģ 
  ٴ ̴.  ϴ   ؼ   
  ʿϴ.    ftp www ƴ ڷ  ˱ Ѵٸ 
    Ʈ Ǵ   ̴.

  root# ipfwadm -A -l -n
  IP accounting rules
   pkts bytes dir prot source               destination          ports
      0     0 in  tcp  0.0.0.0/0            44.136.8.96/29       * -> 20
      0     0 out tcp  44.136.8.96/29       0.0.0.0/0            20 -> *
     10  1166 in  tcp  0.0.0.0/0            44.136.8.96/29       * -> 80
     10   572 out tcp  44.136.8.96/29       0.0.0.0/0            80 -> *
    252 10943 in  tcp  0.0.0.0/0            44.136.8.96/29       * -> *
    231 18831 out tcp  44.136.8.96/29       0.0.0.0/0             * -> *
      0     0 in  udp  0.0.0.0/0            44.136.8.96/29       * -> *
      0     0 out udp  44.136.8.96/29       0.0.0.0/0            * -> *
      0     0 in  tcp  0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0            * -> 20
      0     0 out tcp  0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0            20 -> *
     10  1166 in  tcp  0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0            * -> 80
     10   572 out tcp  0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0            80 -> *
    253 10983 in  tcp  0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0            * -> *
    231 18831 out tcp  0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0            * -> *
      0     0 in  udp  0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0            * -> *
      0     0 out udp  0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0            * -> *

  6.4.  IP Accounting (for Linux-2.2)

   accounting ڵ ``IP Firewall Chains''  ȴ. IP chains
  Ȩ       ִ. ٵ 
  ͸ ϱ ؼ ipfwadm ſ ipchains ϰ  ̴.
  (ֽ Ŀ ҽ Documentation/Changesκ)

  6.5.  IP Aliasing

   Ʈ ġ  ̻ IP ּҸ ο  ִ α׷
   ̴  ϴ. ISP (Internet Service Provider) 
  ڵ鿡 Ưȭ World Wide Web ftp ϱ   
  Ѵ.  ⿡  ͺ    ``IP-Alias mini-
  HOWTO''   ִ.

  Kernel Compile Options:

               Networking options  --->
                   ....
                   [*] Network aliasing
                   ....
                   <*> IP: aliasing support

  Ŀ IP_Alias  Բ ؼ ġ   ſ
  ϴ.  alias  Ʈ ġ   Ʈ ġ鿡
  ߰ȴ.  ġ鿡 ܼ  ̴µ <devname>:<virtual
  dev num>      eth0:0, ppp0:10 ̴. 
  ifname:number ġ  ̽  Ŀ   ִٴ
   ض.

        ٸ IP Ʈ ÿ ϴ
  ̴ Ʈ  ְ  ӽ     
   ֵ ϰ ʹٸ   ָ ȴ.

               root# ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 up
               root# route add -net 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 eth0

               root# ifconfig eth0:0 192.168.10.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 up
               root# route add -net 192.168.10.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 eth0:0

  alias  ؼ ܼ ̸ ڿ `-' ٿָ ȴ.

               root# ifconfig eth0:0- 0

  alias õ  route 鵵 ڵ  ̴.

  6.6.  IP Firewall (for Linux-2.0)

  IP Firewall ȭ  Firewall-HOWTO    ٷ
  ̴. IP Firewalling   IP ּҷ  Ȥ 
  ּҿ  Ÿ׷ ɷų Ŵν 㰡 
  Ʈ κ  ӽ ȣ  ֵ ش.  
  ٸ Ģ  Ǵµ incoming filtering outgoing filtering,
  forwarding filtering̴. Incoming rule Ʈ ġ ޾Ƶ̴
  Ÿ׷ Ǹ Outgoing rule Ʈ ġ  
  Ÿ׷, Forwarding rule ޾Ƶ鿩 ϳ  ӽ 
  , ٽø  ӽ  ٸ   Ÿ׷ ȴ.

  Kernel Compile Options:

               Networking options  --->
                   [*] Network firewalls
                   ....
                   [*] IP: forwarding/gatewaying
                   ....
                   [*] IP: firewalling
                   [ ] IP: firewall packet logging

  IP firewall Ģ  ipfwadm  Ͽ ̷. տ
   ó    ƴϸ   п
  ߿     ִ Ͱ  
   Ģ ϰ ؾ Ѵ.

  IP firewall  κ  Ƹ  ӽ ͳ
  ȭ Ʈ(gateway) Ͽ  Į Ʈ ܺ
  㰡  κ ȣϰ ϴ  ̴.

  Ʒ  Arnt Gulbrandsen, <agulbra@troll.no>  ϰ
  ִ.

  Ʒ   ׸  ó  firewall/router ӽ 
  ȭ  ̴.

       -                                   -
        \                                  | 172.16.37.0
         \                                 |   /255.255.255.0
          \                 ---------      |
           |  172.16.174.30 | Linux |      |
       NET =================|  f/w  |------|    ..37.19
           |    PPP         | router|      |  --------
          /                 ---------      |--| Mail |
         /                                 |  | /DNS |
        /                                  |  --------
       -                                   -

  Ʒ ɵ  rc  ȿ  ý õ 
  ڵ ۵ǵ Ǿִ.  ִ ϱ ؼ ̽
   Ŀ, ׷ ȭ ӽ õǴ    
      ̽  ۵Ǳ  Ʒ ɵ
  Ǿ Ѵ.

          #!/bin/sh

          # Flush the 'Forwarding' rules table
          # Change the default policy to 'accept'
          #
          /sbin/ipfwadm -F -f
          /sbin/ipfwadm -F -p accept
          #
          # .. and for 'Incoming'
          #
          /sbin/ipfwadm -I -f
          /sbin/ipfwadm -I -p accept

          # First off, seal off the PPP interface
          # I'd love to use '-a deny' instead of '-a reject -y' but then it
          # would be impossible to originate connections on that interface too.
          # The -o causes all rejected datagrams to be logged. This trades
          # disk space against knowledge of an attack of configuration error.
          #
          /sbin/ipfwadm -I -a reject -y -o -P tcp -S 0/0 -D 172.16.174.30

          # Throw away certain kinds of obviously forged packets right away:
          # Nothing should come from multicast/anycast/broadcast addresses
          #
          /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a deny -o -S 224.0/3 -D 172.16.37.0/24
          #
          # and nothing coming from the loopback network should ever be
          # seen on a wire
          #
          /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a deny -o -S 127.0/8 -D 172.16.37.0/24

          # accept incoming SMTP and DNS connections, but only
          # to the Mail/Name Server
          #
          /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a accept -P tcp -S 0/0 -D 172.16.37.19 25 53
          #
          # DNS uses UDP as well as TCP, so allow that too
          # for questions to our name server
          #
          /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a accept -P udp -S 0/0 -D 172.16.37.19 53
          #
          # but not "answers" coming to dangerous ports like NFS and
          # Larry McVoy's NFS extension.  If you run squid, add its port here.
          #
          /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a deny -o -P udp -S 0/0 53 \
                  -D 172.16.37.0/24 2049 2050

          # answers to other user ports are okay
          #
          /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a accept -P udp -S 0/0 53 \
                  -D 172.16.37.0/24 53 1024:65535

          # Reject incoming connections to identd
          # We use 'reject' here so that the connecting host is told
          # straight away not to bother continuing, otherwise we'd experience
          # delays while ident timed out.
          #
          /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a reject -o -P tcp -S 0/0 -D 172.16.37.0/24 113

          # Accept some common service connections from the 192.168.64 and
          # 192.168.65 networks, they are friends that we trust.
          #
          /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a accept -P tcp -S 192.168.64.0/23 \
                  -D 172.16.37.0/24 20:23

          # accept and pass through anything originating inside
          #
          /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a accept -P tcp -S 172.16.37.0/24 -D 0/0

          # deny most other incoming TCP connections and log them
          # (append 1:1023 if you have problems with ftp not working)
          #
          /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a deny -o -y -P tcp -S 0/0 -D 172.16.37.0/24

          # ... for UDP too
          #
          /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a deny -o -P udp -S 0/0 -D 172.16.37.0/24

   ȭ  ϴ.   п  
   ش. ipfwadm ޴    ϴ 
    ̴.  ȭ ϰ Ѵٸ   
    ޾ƶ.  ܺο   ˻ϵ ض.

  6.7.  IP Firewall (for Linux-2.2)

  ο ȭ ڵ尡 ``IP Firewall Chains''  ȴ.   
   ؼ IP chains Ȩ .   ͸ ϱ
  ؼ ipfwadm  ipchains ؾ Ѵٴ  ˾ƾ Ѵ. (ֽ
  Ŀ Documentation/Changes )

  츮   ֽŰ Ÿ ִٴ  ˰    ֽ
   ٷ   ۾̴. Ƹ 1999 8  
  ٷ ̴.  (:     1999 8
  ̴-_-;)

  6.8.  IPIP Encapsulation

    IP Ÿ׷  IP Ÿ׷ ֱ⸦ ϳ? ̷
      ٸ ̻   ̴. Mobile-IP
  IP-Multicast   Ǵ  ̴.   ˷ 
         Amateur Radio̴.

  Kernel Compile Options:

               Networking options  --->
                   [*] TCP/IP networking
                   [*] IP: forwarding/gatewaying
                   ....
                   <*> IP: tunneling

  IP tunnel ġ `tunl0', `tunl1'  Ҹ.

  Ϲ IP  Ģ IP Ʈ Ʈ ּҿ Ʈ ũ
  ̷ ֵ 䱸Ѵ. ̴   Ʈ  Ϸ ӵ
  ּҵ  õǵ ش. ̴ ſ  
  Ʈ Ư κп Ǿ ִ  Ư IP ּҸ ؾ
  Ѵٴ  ǹѴ. κ     mobile
  netizen̶   ҿ ӵǾ    ̴. IP/IP
  encapsulation (IP tunneling)  IP ּҷ  Ǿ ִ
  Ÿ׷    ׿ ٸ IP ּҷ  ϹǷν
   غ  ְ ش.   ٸ IP Ʈ ۾
   ̶  Ʈ ӽ  IP ּҷ 
  Ÿ׷ ޾Ƽ ӽ÷  ϴ ּҷ ֵ  
  ִ.

  6.8.1.  A tunneled network configuration.

        192.168.1/24                          192.168.2/24

            -                                     -
            |      ppp0 =            ppp0 =       |
            |  aaa.bbb.ccc.ddd  fff.ggg.hhh.iii   |
            |                                     |
            |   /-----\                 /-----\   |
            |   |     |       //        |     |   |
            |---|  A  |------//---------|  B  |---|
            |   |     |     //          |     |   |
            |   \-----/                 \-----/   |
            |                                     |
            -                                     -

   ׸ IPIP encapsulation  ٸ  ,  
  Ʈŷ Ÿ.    ⺻ ̾ ͳ
     ӽ  ִٰ Ѵ.  ȣƮ   IP
  ּҸ ο޾Ҵ.  ӽŵ ڿ  IP Ʈ ּҷ 
  Į Ʈ Ѵ. Ʈ ͷ ͳݿ Ǵ ó A
  Ʈ ִ ȣƮ B Ʈ  ȣƮ鿡   ֵ
  ϱ Ѵٰ غ. IPIP encapsulation ̸ ϰ ش.
    encapsulation A B Ʈ  ȣƮ ͳ 󿡼
     ֵ ϴ  ذϴ  ƴϸ  ̸
  ؼ IP Masquerade   ؾ Ѵٴ ̴.
  encapsulation  ͷν ӽ ɿ  ȴ.

    `A' Ʒ  ũƮ  ̴.

               #!/bin/sh
               PATH=/sbin:/usr/sbin
               mask=255.255.255.0
               remotegw=fff.ggg.hhh.iii
               #
               # Ethernet configuration
               ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask $mask up
               route add -net 192.168.1.0 netmask $mask eth0
               #
               # ppp0 configuration (start ppp link, set default route)
               pppd
               route add default ppp0
               #
               # Tunnel device configuration
               ifconfig tunl0 192.168.1.1 up
               route add -net 192.168.2.0 netmask $mask gw $remotegw tunl0

    `B' Ʒ  ũƮ  ̴.

               #!/bin/sh
               PATH=/sbin:/usr/sbin
               mask=255.255.255.0
               remotegw=aaa.bbb.ccc.ddd
               #
               # Ethernet configuration
               ifconfig eth0 192.168.2.1 netmask $mask up
               route add -net 192.168.2.0 netmask $mask eth0
               #
               # ppp0 configuration (start ppp link, set default route)
               pppd
               route add default ppp0
               #
               # Tunnel device configuration
               ifconfig tunl0 192.168.2.1 up
               route add -net 192.168.1.0 netmask $mask gw $remotegw tunl0

  :

               route add -net 192.168.1.0 netmask $mask gw $remotegw tunl0

  ̴ `192.168.1.0/24 ϴ Ÿ׷ IPIP ĸȭ Ÿ׷
  ӿ ־ aaa.bbb.ccc.ddd' ּҷ '  Ѵ.

     ġؾ Ѵ. tunnel ġ ýÿ ڽ
  ϵ  Ÿ׷  IP Ÿ׷ 
  `gw' Ѵ.   ӽ  IPIP Ÿ׷ decapsulateϴ 
  ˾ƾ ϸ ٽø tunnel ġ Ǿ ־ Ѵ.

  6.8.2.  A tunneled host configuration.

   ϴ  ü Ʈ ʿ   ϳ IP ּҸ
    ִ.  ̷  `' ӽ tunl ġ ӽ IP
  ּҷ ؾ ϸ A ʿ tunnel ġ  Ʈ  ٴ
  ȣƮ (׸ Proxy Arp) ؾ Ѵ. ̿ µ 
  ؼ ˸° ٽ ׷.  츮  ͳݿ Ǿ
  ְ ȣƮ `A'  Ǵ  Ʈ Ϻ ó ۵Ϸ
  ȣƮ `B'  ִ.

   192.168.1/24

       -
       |      ppp0 =                ppp0 =
       |  aaa.bbb.ccc.ddd      fff.ggg.hhh.iii
       |
       |   /-----\                 /-----\
       |   |     |       //        |     |
       |---|  A  |------//---------|  B  |
       |   |     |     //          |     |
       |   \-----/                 \-----/
       |                      also: 192.168.1.12
       -

    `A'   ȴ.

               #!/bin/sh
               PATH=/sbin:/usr/sbin
               mask=255.255.255.0
               remotegw=fff.ggg.hhh.iii
               #
               # Ethernet configuration
               ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask $mask up
               route add -net 192.168.1.0 netmask $mask eth0
               #
               # ppp0 configuration (start ppp link, set default route)
               pppd
               route add default ppp0
               #
               # Tunnel device configuration
               ifconfig tunl0 192.168.1.1 up
               route add -host 192.168.1.12 gw $remotegw tunl0
               #
               # Proxy ARP for the remote host
               arp -s 192.168.1.12 xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx pub

   ȣƮ `B'   ȴ.

               #!/bin/sh
               PATH=/sbin:/usr/sbin
               mask=255.255.255.0
               remotegw=aaa.bbb.ccc.ddd
               #
               # ppp0 configuration (start ppp link, set default route)
               pppd
               route add default ppp0
               #
               # Tunnel device configuration
               ifconfig tunl0 192.168.1.12 up
               route add -net 192.168.1.0 netmask $mask gw $remotegwtunl0

  ̷   Mobile-IP о߿  ̴.  о߿
  ϳ ȣƮ ͳ θ ƴٴϸ鼭  ϳ IP ּҸ
  ϰ Ѵ.  ̸ ٷ Ϳ     Ѵٸ
  Mobile-IP κ ϶.

  6.9.  IP Masquerade

    ͳݿ ϱ  ܼ ̾  
   ̴.  ̷       ISP (Internet
  Service Provider) κ  ϳ IP ּҸ Ҵ޴´. ̴ 
  ϳ ȣƮ Ʈ   Ϲ ϴ. IP
  Masquerade  ȣƮ ̾  ϴ ӽó ̵
  ϹǷν  IP ּҸ  ӽŵ   ֵ ϴ  Ʈ̴.
  (: masquerade  ȸ, ϴ.  ̴.)  
   masquerade   θ ۵Ѵٴ ̴. ٽ 
    ϴ ȣƮ  ϵ û    
  ȣƮκ  ޾Ƶ Ѵٴ ̴. talk Ϻ
  Ʈ 񽺴 ۵  ftp 񽺵  (PASV) 
  ۵ϵ Ǿ Ѵٴ  ǹѴ.  Ե WWW irc,
  telnet  κ Ʈ 񽺴  ۵Ѵ.

  Kernel Compile Options:

               Code maturity level options  --->
                   [*] Prompt for development and/or incomplete code/drivers
               Networking options  --->
                   [*] Network firewalls
                   ....
                   [*] TCP/IP networking
                   [*] IP: forwarding/gatewaying
                   ....
                   [*] IP: masquerading (EXPERIMENTAL)

     ӽſ ܵ(standalone) ӽ ó slip̳
  ppp  ϵ . ̿ ߰  Ʈ ּҷ 
   ̴   ٸ Ʈ ġ   ̴. masquerade 
  ȣƮ   ° Ʈ  Ѵ.   ȣƮ 
   ӽ ̴ Ʈ ּҸ ⺻ gateway ͷ Ѵ.

    Ʒó δ.

       -                                   -
        \                                  | 192.168.1.0
         \                                 |   /255.255.255.0
          \                 ---------      |
           |                | Linux | .1.1 |
       NET =================| masq  |------|
           |    PPP/slip    | router|      |  --------
          /                 ---------      |--| host |
         /                                 |  |      |
        /                                  |  --------
       -                                   -

  IPFWADM ̿ Masquerading

       Ʒ .

               # Network route for ethernet
               route add -net 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 eth0
               #
               # Default route to the rest of the internet.
               route add default ppp0
               #
               # Cause all hosts on the 192.168.1/24 network to be masqueraded.
               ipfwadm -F -a m -S 192.168.1.0/24 -D 0.0.0.0/0

  IPCHAINS ̿ Masquerading

  IPFWADM   ϳ   ٲ.

               # Network route for ethernet
               route add -net 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 eth0
               #
               # Default route to the rest of the internet.
               route add default ppp0
               #
               # Cause all hosts on the 192.168.1/24 network to be masqueraded.
               ipchains -A forward -s 192.168.1.0/24 -j MASQ

   IP Masquerade Resource Pageκ Linux IP Masquerade 
       ִ.  masquerading  ſ ڼ
   ``IP-Masquerade mini-HOWTO'' ִ(⿡ ٸ OS Linux
  masquerade  Բ ۵ϵ ϴ  ִ).

  6.10.  IP Transparent Proxy

  ip transparent proxy ٸ ӽ ϴ 񽺳   ӽ 
  񽺵   ֵ ִ ̴. Ϲ   
  ӽ ͷ  ÿ proxy    ϴ.
    񽺵    Į proxy   
  ִ.

  Kernel Compile Options:

          Code maturity level options  --->
                  [*] Prompt for development and/or incomplete code/drivers
          Networking options  --->
                  [*] Network firewalls
                  ....
                  [*] TCP/IP networking
                  ....
                  [*] IP: firewalling
                  ....
                  [*] IP: transparent proxy support (EXPERIMENTAL)

  transparent proxy Ư¡  ipfwadm  ؼ Ѵ.

    Ʒ ִ.

               root# ipfwadm -I -a accept -D 0/0 telnet -r 2323

     ȣƮ telnet Ʈ(23)    
  ȣƮ 2323 Ʈ ش.   Ʈ 񽺸  ִٸ
  ̸ telnet  ų log ų Ȥ ϴ ̵  
  ִ.

   ִ   http  local cache ϵ 
  ̴.  ׷ proxy  ϴ protocol  httpʹ
  ٸ. Ŭ̾Ʈ http ̿  www.server.com:80 Ǿ
  /path/page û local cache  
  proxy.local.domain:8080 ؼ www.server.com/path/page
  ûѴ.

  http û local proxy  ɷ ؼ transproxy 
   ؼ   ޾Ƶ ʿ䰡 ִ (̴  
    ִ).  transproxy 8081 Ʈ    Ʒ
   .

               root# ipfwadm -I -a accept -D 0/0 80 -r 8081

  ׷ transproxy α׷ ܺ      
  ݰ    local proxy    ̴.

  6.11.  IPv6

    IP Ʈŷ ϱ ϴ  Ģ Ǿ.
  IPv6 Internet Protocol version 6  Ӹ̴. IPv6 Ҵ
  IP ּ   غϱ  ߵǾ. IPv6 ּҴ
  16Ʈ(128Ʈ) Ѵ. IPv6  ٸ  ׵
  ϴµ  ߿ IPv4 Ʈ  IPv6 Ʈ ٷ  ϴ
  ܼȭ ִ.

   ̹   ۵ ϴ IPv6 2.2.* 
  Ŀε鿡  .

    ο ͳ    Ͱų ʿϴٸ
  www.terra.net   ִ IPv6-FAQ о.

  6.12.  Mobile IP

  "IP mobility"   ȣƮ IP ּ ȭ  ߴ 
  ͳ   ٸ   ̵ų  ִ ɷ
  Ѵ. Ϲ IP ȣƮ   ٲٴ  IP ּҵ
  ٲ߸ Ѵ. IP Mobility mobile ȣƮ  IP ּҸ Ҵϰ
   ּҷ  Ÿ׷  Ǵ IP ּҷ  ڵ
  ð Բ IP encapsulation (tunneling) Ͽ  
  غѴ.

    IP mobility  ϱ  Ʈ
  ̴.   Ʈ  ´ Linux Mobile IP Home
  Page   ִ.

  6.13.  Multicast

  IP Multicast ٸ IP Ʈ   IP ȣƮ ׵鿡 ÿ
   IP Ÿ׷ ޵ ش.     
   ͳ    ߵǾ.

  Kernel Compile Options:

       Networking options  --->
               [*] TCP/IP networking
               ....
               [*] IP: multicasting

  ణ   Ʈ  ʿϴ.  󿡼 Multicast
    ߰  Multicast-HOWTO .

  6.14.  NAT - Network Address Translation

  IP Network Address Translation   IP Masquerade  ξ
  ǥȭ ̴. RFC-1631  ڼ Ǿ ִ. NAT IP-
  Masquerade  ϴ ɵ ϸ ̴ NAT ȭ
  ִ ͳ  ū Ը ȯ濡  ϵ ش.

  Linux 2.0.29 Ŀο  NAT    Michael.Hasenstein,
  Michael.Hasenstein@informatik.tu-chemnitz.de  ߵǾ Դ.
  Michael   Linux IP Network Address Web Page   
  ִ.

  ο Linux 2.2.x Ŀε  NAT   ˰
  ϰ ִ.

  6.15.  Traffic Shaper - ȯ  뿪

  traffic shaper  ̽ ġ  ̴̹.  ġ
   ǿ  Ʈ ѵ  ְ  ۿ ־ 
  Ʈ ġ ϸ鼭 Ʈ Ʈ   ġ 
   ִ.

  shaper Linux-2.1.15 ҰǾ Linux-2.0.36 Ųٷ
  Ǿ (shaper ġ ̸ Linux-2.0 ϴ Alan Cox
   2.0.36-pre-patch-2 ԵǾ ִ).

  traffic shaper θ ϵ   shapecfg α׷
  Ʒ   ȴ.

               shapecfg attach shaper0 eth1
               shapecfg speed shaper0 64000

  shaper ġ Ŷ  ̺  shaper ϴ 쿡
    Ʈ 뿪   ִ.  ``
  ּҿ  ''   ͸ ϴ Ư ȣƮ
   뿪 ϴ   ش.

  Linux-2.2 ̹ ׷  ϸ Linux-2.0  
  ʿϴٸ ftp.invlogic.com Mike McLagan  ġ 
  . shaper    
  Documentationnetworking/shaper.txt   ִ.

   Ŷ  shaping   ʹٸ ftp.systemy.itκ
    rshaper-1.01 õ   ִ.

  6.16.  Linux-2.2 

  Linux ֽ  2.2  å ־   Ѵ.
     Ͽ    ٸų Ŀ ҽ
   Ѵ.

  7.  Ϲ PC ϵ ϱ

  7.1.  ISDN

  Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Ϲ Ī 
  Ż Ÿ Ʈ Īϴ Ϸ ǥ̴. ISDN `ȭ'
    (point-to-point)  Ѵ. 
  ISDN   ٸ äη ҸǴ   󿡼 ޵ȴ.
  äο  ٸ   ִµ `B ä'   ڷḦ
  ϸ `D ä' ISDN  ų ٸ ɵ  ȯϴ
      ȴ.   ȣֿ ISDN 2Mbps
   󿡼 Ǵµ   30 64kbps B äΰ ϳ 64kbps
  D äη .     ä̵    
  ε   ִ.   30  ٸ  
  64kbps 30 ٸ  ų 15   128kbps(
  ϳ  ä) 15    Ȥ    
   Ⱦ ä   ִ. ä  ̳ 
    ε   ִ.  ISDN   ȭ ȸ鿡
  ڵ Ư    ̳ 繫ǿ ȭ(Ź
  ȭ) Ÿ     ִ 񽺸 ϵ ϴ
  ̾.

  ǻ͸ ISDN 񽺿 ϴ    ִ.  ϳ
  `Terminal Adaptor' Ҹ ġ ϴ ε  ġ 
  ISDN 񽺸 û  ȭȸ翡 ġ ִ Network Terminating
  Unit    ̽  ִ.  ̽ 
  ϳ    ϴ    Ǹ 
   Ǿ  Ÿ Ŷ  Ʈ ġ鿡  ȴ.
   ٸ  ̵ ̷  ۵ϸ  Terminal
  Adaptor Ʈ ٸ  ġ ٷ ٷ  ִ.  ٸ 
  Ŀ ISDN ϴ ε ISDN ī带  ӽſ ġ 
  ֵ Ǿ  Ʈ   ٷ
    鵵 Ǿִ.

  Kernel Compile Options:

               ISDN subsystem  --->
                       <*> ISDN support
                       [ ] Support synchronous PPP
                       [ ] Support audio via ISDN
                       < > ICN 2B and 4B support
                       < > PCBIT-D support
                       < > Teles/NICCY1016PC/Creatix support

  Linux  ISDN    ISDN ī Ѵ.
  ̵ Ŀ  ɼǿ   ִ.

  o  ICN 2B and 4B

  o  Octal PCBIT-D

  o  Teles ISDN-cards and compatibles

   ī Ϻδ ۵ϱ ؼ ٸ Ʈ ޾ƾ  ʿ䰡
  ִ.  ̸   ٸ ƿƼ Ѵ.

  Linux ISDN    ڼ 
  /usr/src/linux/Documentation/isdn/ 丮   
  isdn4linux  FAQ www.lrz-muenchen.de   ִ.

  PPP  . PPP   α׷   
  񵿱   ο ۵Ѵ. Ϲ Ǵ Linux PPP
   `pppd' 񵿱 ĸ Ѵ. ISDN 󿡼 PPP ϱ
  ؼ Ư   ʿϴ. ̸ ã  ִ  
  ڼ     ִ.

  7.2.  Linux-2.0 PLIP

  PLIP ġ ̸ `plip0' `plip1', `plip2' ̴.

  Kernel Compile Options:

               Network device support  --->
                   <*> PLIP (parallel port) support

  plip (Parallel Line IP)  Ʈ ſ ӽſ ִ  
  Ʈ ٴ  ϰ  ӽ  (point to point) Ʈ
   ϱ  ȴٴ  SLIP ϴ( 
  ޺κ ̺ κп ̺ ׸ ȴ).  Ʈ 
   ϳ ̻ Ʈ  ϱ  plip ̽ ǥ
   ġ   ϴ  ϴ. ߰  Ʈ
     16550AFN UART Ʈ     Ʈ
   Ʈ   ִ. PLIP  ῡ  CPU 
  ϸ   ̴ ī尡 ִٸ   ƴϰ ޸
     ſ  ۵ ̴.   ۵Ѵٸ ʴ 20
  ųιƮ ۷   ִ.

  PLIP ġ ̹  Ʈ ϵ  ġ ̹
  浹Ѵ.   ̹  ϰ ʹٸ PLIP Ʈ 
  ̹ Ʈ   ֵ  ̹   ؾ
  Ѵ. Ŀ       ؼ ``Module mini-
  HOWTO'' ϶.

  Ϻ ž ǻ͵ PLIP ϴ Ư ȣ   ʱ
   PLIP ۵   ִٴ  ϶. ׷ ʹ
  ׷   ʴ´.

   plip ̽ Crynwyr Packet Driver PLIP ȣȯ Ǹ
  ̸    ӽ plip  tcp/ip Ʈ
   ִ DOS ӽſ   ִٴ  ǹѴ.

  Ŀ 2.0.*  plip ġ i/o port IRQ Ʒó εȴ.

               device  i/o     IRQ
               ------  -----   ---
               plip0   0x3bc   5
               plip1   0x378   7
               plip2   0x278   2

    ġ  տ  ʴ´ٸ ifconfig  `irq'
  ĶŸ ̿Ͽ Ʈ IRQ ٲ  ִ(ROM BIOS Ѵٸ
   Ʈ IRQ ۵ϵ Ѵ). ٸ  
     insmod ɿ ``io='' ``irq='' ɼ  
  ִ.   

               root# insmod plip.o io=0x288 irq=5

  PLIP ۵   ѽð  Ǵµ  κ 
  ⺻ ok̴.  ſ  ǻ͸  ִٸ  
  ų ʿ䰡  ̸ ̷  ų Ÿ̸Ӵ  
  ǻͿ ִ.  Ŀ ٽ   ʰ  Ÿ̸  ٲ 
  ֵ plipconfig  α׷ Ѵ. ̴   
  ԵǾ ִ.

  To configure a plip interface, you will need to invoke the following
  commands (or add them to your initialization scripts):

  plip ̽ ϱ ؼ Ʒ  (Ȥ  ɵ
  ʱȭ ũƮ ߰  ִ).

               root# /sbin/ifconfig plip1 localplip pointopoint remoteplip
               root# /sbin/route add remoteplip plip1

   ϴ Ʈ I/O ּҰ 0x378 ̸ localplip
  remoteplip PLIP ̺ 󿡼  IP ּҳ ̸̴.  
   /etc/hosts ־ ξ.

               # plip entries
               192.168.3.1   localplip
               192.168.3.2   remoteplip

  pointtopoint ĶŸ SLIP  ǹ̸ µ  ٸ
   ִ ӽ ּҸ Ѵ.

  In almost all respects you can treat a plip interface as though it
  were a SLIP interface, except that neither dip nor slattach need be,
  nor can be, used.

  dip slattach    츦 ϰ κ  
  plip ̽ SLIP ̽ó ٷ  ִ.

  PLIP     ``PILP mini-HOWTO''   ִ.

  7.3.  Linux-2.2 PLIP

  Ŀ 2.1  ߵ  Ʈ     Ǿ.

  Kernel Compile Options:

               General setup  --->
                   [*] Parallel port support
               Network device support  --->
                   <*> PLIP (parallel port) support

  PLIP  ڵ  ó ۵Ѵ ( κпó ifconfig
  route  Ȱ Ѵ. ׷   Ʈ   ġ
  ʱȭ ణ ٸ).

  ``ù°'' PLIP ġ ׻ ``plip0'' Ҹ ̴ ġó 
  ù° ġ ýۿ   ù° ġ̴.  Ǵ
   Ʈ /proc/parpot  ó   Ʈ 
  ϳ̴.      Ʈ ִٸ /proc/parport/0 
  Ѱ 丮  ̴.

  Ŀ Ʈ IRQ ã Ѵٸ ``insmod plip'' Ѵ. ̷
   /proc/parport/0/irq ˸    insmod ٽ
  Ѵ.

   Ʈ     Documentation/parport.txt 
  ̴ Ŀ ҽ Ϻ̴.

  7.4.  PPP

  PPP ġ ̸ `ppp0', `ppp1' ̴.  ġ ù ġ `0' 
  ؼ  ȣ οȴ.

  Kernel Compile Options:

               Networking options  --->
                   <*> PPP (point-to-point) support

  PPP  PPP-HOWTO ڼ ٷ.

  7.4.1.  pppd  ̿ؼ Ʈ   ϱ

   Ʈ       ŭ   
    ڵ PPP  ٽ 鵵 ϰ ʹٸ ⿡ 
  Ʈ ִ.

  Ʒ  ؼ PPP root   ۵  ֵ Ѵ.

       # pppd

  /etc/ppp/options  ȿ `-detach' ɼ ϴ  Ѵ.
  ׸ Ʒ  /etc/inittab  getty  Ʒ Ѵ.

       pd:23:respawn:/usr/sbin/pppd

  ̴ init α׷ Ͽ pppd   ϸ鼭 ׾ 
  ڵ  ϵ ش.

  7.5.  SLIP client

  SLIP ġ `sl0', `sl1'  ̸ ٿ Ǵ ù ġ
  `0' οް  Ǵ  Ϸ ȣ ο޴´.

  Kernel Compile Options:

          Network device support  --->
              [*] Network device support
              <*> SLIP (serial line) support
              [ ]  CSLIP compressed headers
              [ ]  Keepalive and linefill
              [ ]  Six bit SLIP encapsulation

  SLIP(Serial Line Internet Protocol)   󿡼 tcp/ip
  ϵ  ָ    ̿ ȭ Ȥ  
  ٸ Ӵ뼱  ִ.   SLIP  ؼ ó SLIP-server
    ־ Ѵ.     а  SLIP 
  Ѵ.

  Slip IP Ÿ׷    Ʈ Ѵ. ̸ 
   ġ   ȹؾ Ѵ. Slip ġ sl0, sl1 
  ̸ ٿ.  ̸   ġ Ҵɱ? Ʈŷ
  ڵ  ġ SLIP ġ ٲٱ  ioctl (i/o control) ̶
  Ҹ  Ѵ. ̸   ִ   α׷ Ǵµ
  dip slattach̴.

  7.5.1.  dip

  dip (Dialup IP)  ġ ӵ ϰ  ٸ 
  ȭ ɵ 𵩿     ڵ αϸ
    ޽ ڵ ãƼ  ȿ  ġ IP ּ
    ̾Ƴ  Ʈ SLIP  ٲٱ  ʿ ioctl
   ϴ   ϴ ſ  α׷̴. dip 
  ũ    ̸ ̿ؼ α  ڵȭ 
  ִ.

  metalab.unc.edu  α׷   ִ.

  ġϱ ؼ Ʒ  Ѵ.

               user% tar xvzf dip337o-uri.tgz
               user% cd dip-3.3.7o
               user% vi Makefile
               root# make install

  Makefile uucp ׷ Ѵٰ ϳ   
  dip̳ SLIP ̸   ִ.

  7.5.2.  slattach

  dip ݴ slattach ſ ܼ α׷ ϱ⿣ ſ
   dip  ⼺ . ũ ɵ  ̸ ̿ؼ
   ġ SLIP ġ ϴ ͸   ִ. slattach 
  ʿ   ˰ ְ  α׷    
  Ǿ ִٰ Ѵ.  slattach  ̺̳ Ӵ  
     ϴ 쿡 ⿡ .

  7.5.3.   쿡   ϳ ?

   SLIP  ӽ ϴ  ̾ ̳ ӽ 
  ϴ 쿣 dip   . ӽŰ   
  ϸ   ٸ  ʿ  쿣 slattach 
   .  ڼ  `Permanent Slip connection' κ ϶.

  SLIP  ̴ ̽  ſ ϴ ( `̴ ġ
  ' κ о). ׷ ߿    ִ.

  ٵ     , Ʈ     ȣƮ
  ִٴ  SLIP  ̴ Ʈ ٸ. ̺ Ḹε
  ݹ   ̴ݰ ޸ SLIP    Ư
   Ʈ  ʱȭ  Ѵ.

  dip ϴ  ʱȭ Ϲ ýð ƴ   
  ְ     .   ڵȭ ϴ ͵
  ϴ.  slattach Ѵٸ rc.inet1 ȿ ʱȭ κ ߰ 
   ̿ ؼ   ̴.

  SLIP  ũ   ִµ  IP ּ   IP ּ
  ̴.    SLIP  п  ÿ  ̸
  ȣ Ἥ αϵ  ̴. dip ̷ α  ڵ ٷ
   ִ.

  7.5.4.  ȭ DIP ̿  SLIP  .

   SLIP  п Ǹ ٸ  ġ ʴ ϳ IP
  ּҸ Ѵ.     SLIP Ʈ  ּҷ
  ȴ.  SLIP   ῡ ϸ鼭  ̸ ȣ
   ̰   IP ּҷ  Ÿ׷   
   ̴.   Ѵٸ  ȣƮ IP ּҿ
   Ʈ /etc/hosts ȿ ־   ִ.  rc.inet2,
  host.conf, resolv.conf, /etc/HOSTNAME, rc.local  ϵ鵵 
   ִ. SLIP ÿ ̽     dip
  ֹǷ rc.inet1    SLIP ῡ  ٸ  
  ʿ䰡 ٴ  ϶.   dip ˸  Ѱ
  ϸ  α׷   鵵 ϰ SLIP  α Ŀ
  ̽ ڵ  ̴.

   ϴ    Ѵٸ dip ˸° ϱ
   `Dip ϱ' κ Ѿ ȴ.

  7.5.5.  ȭ DIP ̿  SLIP  .

   SLIP   α   ּҵ ߿  IP
  ּҸ п Ҵ ش.   Ź Ư ּҸ 
  ٴ       ּҵ   
  Ŀ ٸ    ִ. ̷ SLIP  ϴ
  Ʈ ڴ SLIP   ּ Ǯ(pool)  
  ο     ʴ ּ ϳ 
  ڸ α  ̲ Ŀ Ҵ IP ּҸ ϴ ȯ
  ޽ ְ  IP ּҸ  Ǿ ִ  ϵ Ѵ.

  ̷        ϳ 
  Ҵ  IP ּҸ     SLIP ġ  ִ 
  ߰Ǿ Ѵ.

   dip ʿ  ϵ  ָ   α Ӹ
  ƴ϶ ڵ ȯ ޽  IP ּҸ о SLIP ġ 
    ִ  ڵ  ŭ Ѵ.

   SLIP  ̿  Ѵٸ dip ˸° ϴ 
    `Dip ϱ' κ ̵ص ȴ.

  7.5.6.  DIP ϱ.

  տ  ó dip SLIP   û α,  ,
  ˸ ifconfig route  SLIP ġ  ڵȭ ϰ лȭ
  ִ  α׷̴.

  ٺ dip ϱ ؼ `dip script'  ϴµ 
  ũƮ  dip ϱ ϴ ۾ ϴ  dip
  ˷ִ ɵ ܼ ̴. ۵ϴ   ؼ dip
   Ǵ sample.dip  ȴ. dip   ɼ  ſ
   α׷̴. ⿡   ٷ ſ  man
   dip  Ǵ  ϵ README   Ѵ.

  sample.dip ũƮ   SLIP  Ѵٰ ϰ
  ִ.   IP ּҰ   ˰ ־ Ѵ. 
  SLIP  츦  dip     Ҵ  IP
  ּҸ ڵ о鿩 SLIP ġ  ִ    ִ
   Ѵ. Ʒ  dip337j-uri.tgz ִ sample.dip
  ణ  ̸ п    ̴.  
  /etc/dipscript  Ŀ   µ   ִ.

  #
  # sample.dip    Dialup IP connection support program.
  #
  #               This file (should show) shows how to use the DIP
  #       This file should work for Annex type dynamic servers, if you
  #       use a static address server then use the sample.dip file that
  #       comes as part of the dip337-uri.tgz package.
  #
  #
  # Version:      @(#)sample.dip  1.40    07/20/93
  #
  # Author:       Fred N. van Kempen, <waltje@uWalt.NL.Mugnet.ORG>
  #

  main:
  # Next, set up the other side's name and address.
  # My dialin machine is called 'xs4all.hacktic.nl' (== 193.78.33.42)
  get $remote xs4all.hacktic.nl
  # Set netmask on sl0 to 255.255.255.0
  netmask 255.255.255.0
  # Set the desired serial port and speed.
  port cua02
  speed 38400

  # Reset the modem and terminal line.
  # This seems to cause trouble for some people!
  reset

  # Note! "Standard" pre-defined "errlevel" values:
  #  0 - OK
  #  1 - CONNECT
  #  2 - ERROR
  #
  # You can change those grep'ping for "addchat()" in *.c...

  # Prepare for dialing.
  send ATQ0V1E1X4\r
  wait OK 2
  if $errlvl != 0 goto modem_trouble
  dial 555-1234567
  if $errlvl != 1 goto modem_trouble

  # We are connected.  Login to the system.
  login:
  sleep 2
  wait ogin: 20
  if $errlvl != 0 goto login_trouble
  send MYLOGIN\n
  wait ord: 20
  if $errlvl != 0 goto password_error
  send MYPASSWD\n
  loggedin:

  # We are now logged in.
  wait SOMEPROMPT 30
  if $errlvl != 0 goto prompt_error

  # Command the server into SLIP mode
  send SLIP\n
  wait SLIP 30
  if $errlvl != 0 goto prompt_error

  # Get and Set your IP address from the server.
  #   Here we assume that after commanding the SLIP server into SLIP
  #   mode that it prints your IP address
  get $locip remote 30
  if $errlvl != 0 goto prompt_error

  # Set up the SLIP operating parameters.
  get $mtu 296
  # Ensure "route add -net default xs4all.hacktic.nl" will be done
  default

  # Say hello and fire up!
  done:
  print CONNECTED $locip ---> $rmtip
  mode CSLIP
  goto exit

  prompt_error:
  print TIME-OUT waiting for sliplogin to fire up...
  goto error

  login_trouble:
  print Trouble waiting for the Login: prompt...
  goto error

  password:error:
  print Trouble waiting for the Password: prompt...
  goto error

  modem_trouble:
  print Trouble occurred with the modem...
  error:
  print CONNECT FAILED to $remote
  quit

  exit:
  exit

      SLIP  Ѵٰ ϰ  
   SLIP  Ѵٸ dip337j-uri.tgz ִ sample.dip 
  ۵ ̴.

  dip get $local   ῡ  ؽƮ ȿ IP
  ּó ̴, ٽ  `.' ڷ и ڿ ã´.  
    SLIP  ϱ ؼ  ̷  
   Ҵ IP ּҸ о̴  ڵȭ  ִ.

    SLIP  ϴ ⺻ Ʈ ڵ  ̸ ̸
  ġ ʰ ⺻ ͷ  ̴  ִٸ ũƮ
  default  ؾ Ѵ. ũƮ    ifconfig
     sl0̶ ġ    ̴. ̰ SLIP
  ġ̴. dip   Ķ ifconfig route  ؼ
    ٲ  ִ.

  dip mode  ؼ    ߿   
   ֵ ָ   ̴    ִ SLIP ̴
  cSLIP̴. ߿        ؾ ϸ
    ϴ    ؾ Ѵ.

    ſ ̸ κ 鿡 ó  ִ. ߰
   ؼ dip man  ϶.    ̸
    ð   ȵǸ  ٽ ȭ ɵ
  ϰų ϳ ̻  ʴ õ ϵ ϴ  
  ũƮ   ִ.
  7.5.7.  Ӵ뼱 slattach ̿  SLIP .

    ӽŰ ̺  ϰų Ӵ뼱  
       ִٸ    ؼ dip
  ϸ     ʿ . slattach 
   ϴ ɸ  ſ  α׷̴.

    ̹Ƿ rc.inet1  ȿ ɵ ߰  ִ.
   ῡ ־ ٺ ʿ   ġ ˸ ӵ
  ϰ  ġ SLIP  ٲٴ  ̴. slattach ̷
   ϳ  ϵ ش. Ʒ ڵ带 rc.inet1 Ͽ
  ߰϶.

               #
               # Attach a leased line static SLIP connection
               #
               #  configure /dev/cua0 for 19.2kbps and cslip
               /sbin/slattach -p cslip -s 19200 /dev/cua0 &
               /sbin/ifconfig sl0 IPA.IPA.IPA.IPA pointopoint IPR.IPR.IPR.IPR up
               #
               # End static SLIP.

   :

     IPA.IPA.IPA.IPA
         IP ּҸ Ÿ.

     IPR.IPR.IPR.IPR
        ݴ  IP ּҸ Ÿ.

  slattach Ҵ  ù° SLIP ġ   ġ
  ҴѴ.  slattach sl0 Ѵ.   ó slattach
  SLIP ġ sl0   ġ Ҵϰ  sl1 ҴѴ.

  slattach -p ڸ       ֵ
  ش.    ƴ  SLIP̳ cSLIP  ϳ
   ̸       ؾ Ѵٴ 
  Ѵ.

  7.6.  SLIP .

   Ʈ Ǿ ְ ٸ  ȭ ɰ ͼ
  Ʈ 񽺸  ϵ ϰ  ӽ ִٸ  ӽ
    ʿ䰡 ִ.   ݷ SLIP  Ѵٸ
    ӽ SLIP  ϴ  ũ   ɼ
  ִ.  ϴ  ó Ǵ sliplogin ϴ ε
  ̴   ϰ ϱ   ̴. ׷ ⿡
      ̸  ˸    ִ.
  -->

  7.6.1.  sliplogin  ϴ SLIP .

  sliplogin ͹̳  SLIP  ٲ ־ SLIP  
  Ϲ α  ſ   ִ α׷̴.  α׷
    ӽ ڰ    ּҸ ް ϴ
   ּ     ּҸ Ҵؼ  ϴ 
  ּ    ִ.

  ڴ ǥ α ó  ̸ ȣ Է ̳ α
  Ŀ  ޴  sliplogin Ǿ   α
  ̸ شϴ Ʈ  (/etc/slip.hosts) ˻Ѵ.
  Ʈ ã  8Ʈ Ŭ    SLIP 
  ȯϱ  ioctl Ѵ.      ܰ谡
  Ǵµ  ܰ迡 sliplogin  ũƮ Ͽ SLIP
  ̽ ˸ IP ּҿ netmask ϰ   
  Ѵ.  ũƮ Ϲ /etc/slip.login̳ Ư ڿ
  Ư ʱȭ ʿϴٸ gettyó /etc/slip.login.loginname
   ũƮ  ⺻ ũƮ  ǵ   ִ>

  sliplogin п ˸° ۵ϵ ϱ  ؾ  
  3 4 ִ. ⿡  ϴ  , ׸ 
  ϴ  ڼ  ̴. ʿ ϵ Ʒ .

  o  /etc/passwd,    .

  o  /etc/slip.hosts,   ڿ Ưȭ   ִ.

  o  /etc/slip.login, ڸ  ʿ   Ѵ.

  o  /etc/slip.tty,   ּ Ҵ  ϴ 쿡
     ʿϸ Ҵ ּҵ ̺  ִ.

  o  /etc/slip.logout, ڰ     Ŭ- 
       ִ.

  7.6.1.1.  sliplogin   

   ̹  Ϻη sliplogin Ű   
   ׷ ʴٸ metalab.unc.edu  sliplogin   ִ. 
  tar  ҽ ̹   ̳ʸ, man   ϰ
  ִ.

  㰡 ڿԸ sliplogin   ֵ ϱ ؼ
  /etc/group Ͽ Ʒ  Ʈ ߰ؾ Ѵ.

        ..
       slip::13:radio,fred
        ..

  sliplogin Ű νϸ Makefile sliplogin α׷ 
  ׷ slip Ͽ  ׷쿡  ڸ  α׷  
  ֵ Ѵ.   radio fred ڿԸ sliplogin
    ֵ ϴ ̴.

  ̳ʸ  /sbin, man  8 ǿ ġϷ Ʒ
   Ѵ.

  # cd /usr/src
  # gzip -dc .../sliplogin-2.1.1.tar.gz | tar xvf -
  # cd sliplogin-2.1.1
  # <..edit the Makefile if you don't use shadow passwords..>
  # make install

  ġ  ̳ʸ  ٽ ϱ ϸ make install 
  make clean ߰Ѵ. ̳ʸ ϵ ٸ  ġϰ ʹٸ
  Makefile  install Ģ ϸ ȴ.

  ߰  ؼ Ű⿡ Բ  ִ README ϵ ϶.

  7.6.1.2.  SLIP ȣƮ /etc/passwd  .

   /etc/passwd  ȿ SLIP ڿ  Ư α Ʈ
  ־ Ѵ.  ̴   ȣƮ ȣƮ տ 빮
  `S' ̴ ̴.   radio ȣƮ Ѵٸ
  /etc/passwd Ʒ  Ʈ ߰Ѵ.

       Sradio:FvKurok73:1427:1:radio SLIP login:/tmp:/sbin/sliplogin

   ϱ⸸ Ѵٸ   ̸ ü ߿  ƴϴ.

    ڰ  ӽκ    ƴϹǷ Ư Ȩ
  丮  ʿ䰡 ٴ ̴.  /tmp   
  ̴.  Ϲ α   sliplogin Ǿٴ 
  Ѵ.

  7.6.1.3.  /etc/slip.hosts  

  sliplogin ڸ  ڼ     α ̸
  شϴ Ʈ /etc/slip.hosts Ͽ ã´.  
  ڿ οǾ ˸° Ǵ IP ּҿ netmask ϴ
  ̴. radio  ȣƮ    albert 
  ȣƮ      Ʈ Ʒ ִ.

       #
       Sradio   44.136.8.99   44.136.8.100  255.255.255.0  normal      -1
       Salbert  44.136.8.99   DYNAMIC       255.255.255.0  compressed  60
       #

  /etc/slip.hosts  Ʈ:

  1.  α .

  2.  ӽ, ٽ   ӽ IP ּ.

  3. ڰ Ҵ IP ּ.  ʵ尡 DYNAMIC̶ IP ּҴ 
      /etc/slip.tty Ͽ ִ  ٰؼ Ҵȴ.
     ǻ: ̰  ۵Ϸ  1.3  ̻ 
     ؾ Ѵ.

  4.  ӽſ ο netmask. dotted decimail notation ǥǸ
       255.255.255.0 C Ŭ Ʈ mask.

  5. ̳ ٸ slip ɵ Ű  ϴ slip  .
       "normal"̳ "compressed"̴.

  6.   ʰ ̵(Ÿ׷ ̵ ) ·  
     ִ ð ϴ ŸӾƿ .     .

  7. ߰ ڵ.

  ǻ:  °  ° ʵ忣  иǴ  ǥǴ
  IP ּҳ ȣƮ  ̳   ִ. ȣƮ  쿣 
  ȣƮϴ IP ּҸ ã  ־ Ѵ. ׷ ʴٸ ũƮ
    ̴. ̴  ȣƮ ڳ  ν   
   `Trying nnn.nnn.nnn...'  ޽   ӽ
   ȣƮ شϴ IP ּҸ ã  ִ ̴.  `Unknown host'
  ޽  ã   ̴. IP ּҸ ã    IP
  ּҸ ϰų name resolver  ؾ Ѵ(Name Resolution
  κ ϶).

   Ϲ slip   .

     normal
        to enable normal uncompressed SLIP.

     compressed
        to enable van Jacobsen header compression (cSLIP)

      ȣ Ÿ̸  ̵   ִ. ٸ
  ɼǵ鿡  ڼ  man  ϶.

  7.6.1.4.  /etc/slip.login   .

  sliplogin /etc/slip.hosts ˻Ͽ ش Ʈ ã Ŀ 
  SLIP ̽ IP ּҿ netmask ϱ  /etc/slip.login
   Ѵ.  sliploginŰ Բ Ǵ /etc/slip.login 
   Ʒ .

       #!/bin/sh -
       #
       #       @(#)slip.login  5.1 (Berkeley) 7/1/90
       #
       # generic login file for a SLIP line.  sliplogin invokes this with
       # the parameters:
       #     $1       $2       $3    $4, $5, $6 ...
       #   SLIPunit ttyspeed   pid   the arguments from the slip.host entry
       #
       /sbin/ifconfig $1 $5 pointopoint $6 mtu 1500 -trailers up
       /sbin/route add $6
       arp -s $6 <hw_addr> pub
       exit 0
       #

    ũƮ ܼ ifconfig route ɸ Ͽ SLIP
  ġ ش IP ּҿ  IP ּ, netmask  ϰ SLIP
  ġ    ٴ    ִ. slattach 
  ϴ  Ȱ.

   ӽŰ  ̴  ٸ ȣƮ   ȣƮ 
   ֵ ϱ ؼ Proxy ARP  Ѵٴ  ؾ Ѵ.

  7.6.1.5.  /etc/slip.logout   .

       ġ  · ǵ  
  ڵ Ȯ α  ֱ⸦  ̴. ̴ /etc/slip.logout
   ̿ϸ ϴ.    ſ ϸ
  /etc/slip.login ϰ  ڵ  ȣȴ.

               #!/bin/sh -
               #
               #               slip.logout
               #
               /sbin/ifconfig $1 down
               arp -d $6
               exit 0
               #

    ϴ  տ     
  ̽ ۵ `Ű'  ̴.  proxy arp
    arp ɵ ϴµ    ӽ ̴
  Ʈ   ʴٸ  ũƮ arp  ʿ .

  7.6.1.6.  /etc/slip.tty   .

   IP ּ Ҵ Ѵٸ (/etc/slip.hosts  ȿ 
  ȣƮ DYNAMIC  ߴٸ)  Ʈ  ּҰ Ҵ
      /etc/slip.tty  ؾ Ѵ. 
   ڿ ּҸ  Ҵ 쿡 ʿϴ.

    SLIP  ϴ tty ġ  Ʈ  
  ڿ  IP ּҵ   ̴̺.

    .

       # slip.tty    tty -> IP address mappings for dynamic SLIP
       # format: /dev/tty?? xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
       #
       /dev/ttyS0      192.168.0.100
       /dev/ttyS1      192.168.0.101
       #

   ̺ /dev/ttyS0 Ʈ   /etc/slip.hosts 
   ּ ʵ尡 DYNAMIC  ڿ 192.168.0.100 ּҸ
  ҴѴٴ  ǹѴ.

  ̷  Ư ּҰ Ǿ    ڿ Ʈ
  ϳ  ּҸ Ҵؾ Ѵ. ̴  ̱  ʿ ּ
   ּҷ   ֵ ش.

  7.6.2.  dip   SLIP 

  Ʒ  dip man   ̶   ϰ
  ʹ. man   SLIP  ϴ  
  Ǿ ִ.  Ʒ  dip337o-uri.tgz Ű  ̸ ٸ
    ۵   ִٴ ͵ ؾ Ѵ.

  dip  ῡ  ۵ (input mode)  ִ. 
  忡 dip  ڿ ϴ Ʈ ãƼ  
  /etc/diphosts  ȿ ִ ش   SLIP  Ѵ. 
   dip diplogin Ѽ   ִ.  ̷
    α  diplogin ϴ Ư  
  ͸ dip SLIP    ִ.

    ؾ   Ʒó ɺ ũ  ̴.

       # ln -sf /usr/sbin/dip /usr/sbin/diplogin

  ׸ /etc/passwd ϰ /etc/diphosts  ο Ʈ
  ߰ؾ ϴµ  Ʈ  Ʒ .

  dip   SLIP  ϱ ؼ ڵ ؼ
  (input mode ۵ϴ)dip α  ϴ Ư SLIP 
   Ѵ.  Ǵ   SLIP  빮 `S'
  ϵ ϴ ̴.   `Sfredm' ó.

  SLIP ڿ  /etc/passwd Ʈ  Ʒ ִ.

       Sfredm:ij/SMxiTlGVCo:1004:10:Fred:/tmp:/usr/sbin/diplogin
       ^^         ^^        ^^  ^^   ^^   ^^   ^^
       |          |         |   |    |    |    \__ α  ̴ diplogin
       |          |         |   |    |    \_______ Ȩ 丮
       |          |         |   |    \____________  ̸
       |          |         |   \_________________  ׷ ID
       |          |         \_____________________  ID
       |          \_______________________________ Encrypted User Password
       \__________________________________________ Slip  α 

  ڰ    Ȯ  login α׷ diplogin
  Ų. diplogin̶ ̸ Ǹ dip ڽ α 
  ǰ ִٴ  ڵ ˰ ȴ.  diplogin   
   ϴ  ڽ Ų  userid   getuid()
    ȣϴ ̴. ׸ userid   tty ̸ 
   ϳ شǴ Ʈ /etc/diphosts Ͽ ã  
  ߰ߵǴ    Ѵ. diphosts   ڿ 
  Ʈ ߰ Ȥ ⺻      Ǵܿ 
    ּҸ ޴ ڿ  ּҸ ޴ ڸ 
  ϴ   ó   ִ.

  dip  ޾Ƶ̴ 忡   ڵ `Proxy-ARP'
  Ʈ ߰ϹǷ ̸  ߰ϴ Ϳ  Ű澵 ʿ .

  7.6.2.1.  /etc/diphosts  .

  /etc/diphosts dip  ȣƮ    ãƺ 
  ȴ.   ȣƮ  ӽ   
  ڵ  ְ   ӽ   
  ӽ  ִ.

  /etc/diphosts Ϲ  Ʒ :

        ..
       Suwalt::145.71.34.1:145.71.34.2:255.255.255.0:SLIP uwalt:CSLIP,1006
       ttyS1::145.71.34.3:145.71.34.2:255.255.255.0:Dynamic ttyS1:CSLIP,296
        ..

  ʵ :

  1. login name: getpwuid(getuid())  ̳ tty 

  2. unused: compat. with passwd

  3. Remote Address:   ȣƮ IP ּ, ڳ ̸

  4. Local Address: I ӽ IP ּ,  ڳ ̸

  5. Netmask: dotted decimal notation 

  6. Comment field: ϴ  ⿡ .

  7. protocol: Slip, CSlip 

  8. MTU: 

   SLIP ڿ  /etc/net/diphosts   Ʒ ִ:

       Sfredm::145.71.34.1:145.71.34.2:255.255.255.0:SLIP uwalt:SLIP,296

  ̴  ּҴ 145.71.34.1, MTU 296 Ͽ SLIP 
  Ѵ.

  Ȥ

       Sfredm::145.71.34.1:145.71.34.2:255.255.255.0:SLIP uwalt:CSLIP,1006

   ּҴ 145.71.34.1 MTU 1006 Ͽ cSLIP  
  Ѵ.

    Ҵ IP ּҸ  ڵ  /etc/diphosts
  ȿ Ʈ  Ѵ. Ư Ʈ  ڵ ڼ
    Ҵǵ Ϸ tty ġ  Ʈ ߰ؾ
  ϸ ڿ  Ʈ ؼ ȵȴ.  ؾ  
  ڵ     ˸    ֵ
  ϱ ؼ ӿ Ǵ  tty ġ   ϳ
  Ʈ  Ѵٴ ̴.

     ڴ SLIP α id ȣ Է  ִ
  Ϲ α  н Ʈ ް ȴ. ڰ Ǹ
  Ư ޽  ʰ   SLIP  ȯȴ. 
  ڴ SLIP  ϸ diphosts Ϸ  ޾ ش
  ڵ  ȴ.

  7.6.3.  dSLIP  Ű  SLIP .

  Matt Dillon <dillon@apollo.west.oic.com> ̾-  ƴ϶
  ̾-ƿ SLIP ϴ Ű . Matt Ű 
  ϴ  α׷ ũƮ ̴. ũƮ  
  ϳ tcsh  ʿ ϹǷ ̸ ġؾ Ѵ.   ũƮ
  expect ʿ ϱ  Matt  ƿƼ  ϵ Ѵ.
   Ű  ȣ ° ۵ϵ Ϸ expect 
  ణ  ʿ ̳ ٰ ؼ Ű ġ ϴ 
  ƴϴ.

  Matt README Ͽ ġ     Ƿ ⼭ 
    ݺ ʰڴ.

  Ʒ Ȩ Ʈ dSLIP Ű   ִ:

  apollo.west.oic.com

       /pub/linux/dillon_src/dSLIP203.tgz

  Ȥ Ʒ   ִ:

  metalab.unc.edu

       /pub/Linux/system/Network/serial/dSLIP203.tgz

  make install ϱ  README  а /etc/passwd /etc/group
  Ʈ 鵵 Ѵ.

  8.  ٸ Ʈ 

  Ʒ κе Ư Ʈ   ̴.  κе鿡 
   ٸ Ʈ   ʿ .  ĺ 
  Ǿ ִ.

  8.1.  ARCNet

  ARCNet ġ ̸ `arc0e', `arc1e', `arc2e' ̰ų `arc0s',
  `arc1s', `arc2s' ̴. Ŀ ó ߰ϴ ī尡 `arc0e'
  `arc0s' ް  ߰ߵǴ  ȴ. ̸ 
  ڴ ̴ ĸȭ Ŷ İ RFC1051 Ŷ    
  ߴ  Ÿ.
  Kernel Compile Options:

               Network device support  --->
                   [*] Network device support
                   <*> ARCnet support
                   [ ]   Enable arc0e (ARCnet "Ether-Encap" packet format)
                   [ ]   Enable arc0s (ARCnet RFC1051 packet format)

  ̴ ī带 ϵ Ŀ ˸° ٸ ī  .

   ؾ  Ʒ :

               root# ifconfig arc0e 192.168.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 up
               root# route add -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 arc0e

     ϸ
  /usr/src/linux/Documentation/networking/arcnet.txt
  /usr/src/linux/Documentation/networking/arcnet-hardware.txt ϸ
  ȴ.

  ARCNet  Avery Pennarun, apenwarr@foxnet.net  ߵǾ.

  8.2.  Appletalk ( AF_APPLETALK )

  Appletalk  ̹ ִ Ʈ ġ ϹǷ Ư ġ ̸
   ʴ´.

  Kernel Compile Options:

               Networking options  --->
                   <*> Appletalk DDP

  Appletalk   ӽ  Ʈ   ֵ ش.
  ̰  ǻͿ   Ϳ ũ  ڿ
  Ϸ  ſ ߿ϴ.  nettalk ߰ Ʈ
  ʿϴ. Wesley Craig netatalk@umich.edu ̽ð п `Research
  Systems Unix Group'̶     Appletalk 
   ϴ Ʈ    ƿƼ ϴ
  nettalk Ű . nettalk Ű   
   ְų Ȩ Ʈ University of Michigan ftp   ִ.

   Ű ؼ ġϴ  Ʒ :

          user% tar xvfz .../netatalk-1.4b2.tar.Z
          user% make
          root# make install

  Ʈ   Ϸ make θ  `Makefile' ĥ
  ʿ䰡   ִ. Ư ϵ ġǴ Ҹ Ÿ DESTDIR
     𸥴. ⺻ /usr/local/atalk   
  ġ̴.

  8.2.1.  Appletalk Ʈ .

  Appletalk Ʈ  ۵ϵ ϱ  ؾ  ù ° 
  /etc/services Ͽ ˸ Ʈ  ֵ ϴ ̴.
  ʿ Ʈ Ʒ :

         rtmp  1/ddp   # Routing Table Maintenance Protocol
         nbp   2/ddp   # Name Binding Protocol
         echo  4/ddp   # AppleTalk Echo Protocol
         zip   6/ddp   # Zone Information Protocol

   ܰ /usr/local/atalk/etc 丮 (Ȥ  Ű
  ġ )  Appletalk    ̴.

   ù°  /usr/local/atalk/etc/atalkd.conf̴. ⺻ 
    ӽŵ ִ Ʈ  Ʈ ġ ̸ 
   ٸ  ȴ.

         eth0

  Appletalk  α׷  Ŀ  ڼ  ߰
  ̴.

  8.2.2.  Appletalk    ý Ű.

  Ʈ  ӽŵ   ֵ  ӽ  ý
  Ʈ  ų  ִ.

  ̸ ؼ /usr/local/atalk/etc/AppleVolumes.system  ؾ
  Ѵ. /usr/local/atalk/etc/AppleVolumes.default ٸ  ϵ
  ִµ ̴ Ȱ  鼭 guest  
  ڵ鿡   ý  ΰ Ѵ.

   ϵ   پ ɼǵ鿡  ڼ  afpd man
   ã  ִ.

  Ʒ  ̴:

         /tmp Scratch
         /home/ftp/pub "Public Area"

    /tmp  ý `Scratch' AppleShare Volume
  Ű ftp public 丮 `Public Area' AppleShare
  Volume Ų.  volume ̸ ʼ  ƴϸ 
  Ƿ   ̳ ̷ ϴ   ʴ´.

  8.2.3.  Appletalk    ϱ.

    ͸  ӽŵ ſ    ִ.
  Appletalk Printer Access Protocol  papd α׷ 
  ֱ⸸ ϸ ȴ.  α׷ ϸ  α׷ 
  ӽŵκ û ޾Ƽ Ʈ ۾   󿡰
  .

    Ϸ /usr/local/atalk/etc/papd.conf  ľ
  Ѵ.     Ϲ /etc/printcap ϰ ϴ. ǿ
  ִ ̸ Appletalk   NBP  ϵȴ.

     Ʒ ִ:

         TricWriter:\
            :pr=lp:op=cg:

    `TricWriter' ̸ ͸ Appletalk Ʈ 
  Ű   ۾ lpd ؼ   `lp'
  (/etc/printcap Ͽ ǵ  ó)  μȴ. `op=cg'
  Ʈ `cg'  ڰ  ڶ  Ÿ.

  8.2.4.  Appletalk Ʈ ϱ.

    ⺻     ִ.  ۵ rc.atalk
   nettalk Ű ȿ Ǹ    غ 
  ִ:

               root# /usr/local/atalk/etc/rc.atalk

   ۵Ѵٸ ƹ  ޽  ۵Ǵ  
  Ÿ ޽ ֿܼ ѷ ̴.

  8.2.5.  Appletalk Ʈ ׽Ʈϱ.

  Ʈ  ۵ϴ ׽Ʈϱ ؼ  ӽ 
  Apple ޴ Chooser   AppleShare ŬѴ. ⿡
   ڽ ; Ѵ.

  8.2.6.  Appletalk Ʈ  ǻ.

  o  IP netmask ϱ  Appletalk  ؾ   ִ.
      Appletalk α׷ ϴ   ְų ۵ Ŀ IP
     Ʈ  ߻Ѵٸ Appletalk Ʈ
     /etc/rc.d/rc.inet1  ϱ  ϵ غ.

  o  afpd (Apple Filing Protocol Daemon)  ϵũ ſ
     ϰ .   Ʈ  Ʒ ``.AppleDesktop''
     Network Trash Folder  丮 . ׸  
     ϴ  丮 Ʒ .AppleDouble   resource
     fork  Ѵ.  Ŀ 丮 ûϴ  
     ð Һؾ ϹǷ / Ű  ٽ    
     Ѵ.

  o  afpd α׷ Mac鿡 ڵ    н带
     䱸Ѵ.     Ƿ   ͳݿ 
     ӽſ   ſ    Ѵ.

  o  netstat̳ ifconfig  ϴ   Appletalk 
     ʴ´. ʿϴٸ /proc/net/ 丮   
       ִ.

  8.2.7.  ߰ 

   Appletalk ϴ   ڼ 
  thehamptons.com ִ Anders Brownworth Linux Nettalk-HOWTO
   ϶.

  8.3.  ATM

  Werner Almesberger <werner.almesberger@lrc.di.epfl.ch> 
  񵿱   (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)  ϱ 
  Ʈ ϰ ִ.  Ʈ  Ȳ  
  lrcwww.epfl.ch   ִ.

  8.4.  AX25 ( AF_AX25 )

  AX.25 ġ ̸ 2.0.* Ŀο `sl0', `sl1' ̰ 2.1.*
  Ŀο `ax0', `ax1' ̴.

  Kernel Compile Options:

               Networking options  --->
                   [*] Amateur Radio AX.25 Level 2

  AX25 Netrom, Rose ݵ AX25-HOWTO  ٷ. 
  ݵ Ƹ߾  ڵ鿡 ؼ Ŷ  迡
  θ ȴ.

     κ  Jonathon Naylor, jsn@cs.nott.ac.uk
  ߴ.

  8.5.  DECNet

  DECNet    ̸ 2.1.* Ŀ Ĺݺο ϸ
  ȴ.

  8.6.  FDDI

  FDDI ġ ̸ `fddi0', `fddi1', `fddi2' ̴. Ŀ ó
  ߰ϴ ī忡 `fddi0' οϰ  ߰ߵǴ  ̸
  Ҵ ޴´.

  Larry Stefani, lstefani@ultranet.com,  Digital Equipment FDDI
  EISA PCI ī ̹ .

  Kernel Compile Options:

               Network device support  --->
                   [*] FDDI driver support
                   [*] Digital DEFEA and DEFPA adapter support

  Ŀ FDDI ̹ ϵ  ġߴٸ FDDI ̽
   ̴ ̽ ϴ. ifconfig route ɿ ˸
  FDDI ̽ ̸  ֱ⸸ ϸ ȴ.

  8.7.   

    ġ ̸ DLCI ĸȭ ġ  `dlci00', `dlci01'
  , FRAD(s)  `sdla0', `sdla1'  ٿ.

   ̴ ڷ ̵ ̸鼭  츦  
  ο Ʈŷ ̴.   ＼ ġ (FRAD: Frame Relay
  Access Device)  ̿Ͽ   Ʈ   ִ.
    ̴ RFC-1490     
  IP Ѵ.

  Kernel Compile Options:

               Network device support  --->
                   <*> Frame relay DLCI support (EXPERIMENTAL)
                   (24)   Max open DLCI
                   (8)   Max DLCI per device
                   <*>   SDLA (Sangoma S502/S508) support

  Mike McLagan, mike.mclagan@linux.org,     κа
    .
   Ǵ  FRAD Sangoma TechnologiesS502A, S502E and S508
  ̴.

  Ŀ ٽ   FRAD DLCI ġ ϱ ؼ  
    ʿϴ. ̴ ftp.invlogic.com   ִ.   
   ؼ ġϴ  ſ     Makefile
    ۾ ؾ߸ Ѵ.

               user% tar xvfz .../frad-0.15.tgz
               user% cd frad-0.15
               user% for i in common dlci frad; make -C $i clean; make -C $i; done
               root# mkdir /etc/frad
               root# install -m 644 -o root -g root bin/*.sfm /etc/frad
               root# install -m 700 -o root -g root frad/fradcfg /sbin
               rppt# install -m 700 -o root -g root dlci/dlcicfg /sbin

   ɵ sh  Ѵٴ  ϶.  tcsh  csh
  迭 Ѵٸ for  ణ ٸ ̴.

    ġ Ŀ /etc/frad/router.conf   Ѵ.
      ϳ ణ ģ Ʒ    
  ̴.

  # /etc/frad/router.conf
  # This is a template configuration for frame relay.
  # All tags are included. The default values are based on the code
  # supplied with the DOS drivers for the Sangoma S502A card.
  #
  # A '#' anywhere in a line constitutes a comment
  # Blanks are ignored (you can indent with tabs too)
  # Unknown [] entries and unknown keys are ignored
  #

  [Devices]
  Count=1                 # number of devices to configure
  Dev_1=sdla0             # the name of a device
  #Dev_2=sdla1            # the name of a device

  # Specified here, these are applied to all devices and can be overridden for
  # each individual board.
  #
  Access=CPE
  Clock=Internal
  KBaud=64
  Flags=TX
  #
  # MTU=1500              # Maximum transmit IFrame length, default is 4096
  # T391=10               # T391 value    5 - 30, default is 10
  # T392=15               # T392 value    5 - 30, default is 15
  # N391=6                # N391 value    1 - 255, default is 6
  # N392=3                # N392 value    1 - 10, default is 3
  # N393=4                # N393 value    1 - 10, default is 4

  # Specified here, these set the defaults for all boards
  # CIRfwd=16             # CIR forward   1 - 64
  # Bc_fwd=16             # Bc forward    1 - 512
  # Be_fwd=0              # Be forward    0 - 511
  # CIRbak=16             # CIR backward  1 - 64
  # Bc_bak=16             # Bc backward   1 - 512
  # Be_bak=0              # Be backward   0 - 511

  #
  #
  # Device specific configuration
  #
  #

  #
  # The first device is a Sangoma S502E
  #
  [sdla0]
  Type=Sangoma            # Type of the device to configure, currently only
                          # SANGOMA is recognized
  #
  # These keys are specific to the 'Sangoma' type
  #
  # The type of Sangoma board - S502A, S502E, S508
  Board=S502E
  #
  # The name of the test firmware for the Sangoma board
  # Testware=/usr/src/frad-0.10/bin/sdla_tst.502
  #
  # The name of the FR firmware
  # Firmware=/usr/src/frad-0.10/bin/frm_rel.502
  #
  Port=360                # Port for this particular card
  Mem=C8                  # Address of memory window, A0-EE, depending on card
  IRQ=5                   # IRQ number, do not supply for S502A
  DLCIs=1                 # Number of DLCI's attached to this device
  DLCI_1=16               # DLCI #1's number, 16 - 991
  # DLCI_2=17
  # DLCI_3=18
  # DLCI_4=19
  # DLCI_5=20
  #
  # Specified here, these apply to this device only,
  # and override defaults from above
  #
  # Access=CPE            # CPE or NODE, default is CPE
  # Flags=TXIgnore,RXIgnore,BufferFrames,DropAborted,Stats,MCI,AutoDLCI
  # Clock=Internal        # External or Internal, default is Internal
  # Baud=128              # Specified baud rate of attached CSU/DSU
  # MTU=2048              # Maximum transmit IFrame length, default is 4096
  # T391=10               # T391 value    5 - 30, default is 10
  # T392=15               # T392 value    5 - 30, default is 15
  # N391=6                # N391 value    1 - 255, default is 6
  # N392=3                # N392 value    1 - 10, default is 3
  # N393=4                # N393 value    1 - 10, default is 4

  #
  # The second device is some other card
  #
  # [sdla1]
  # Type=FancyCard        # Type of the device to configure.
  # Board=                # Type of Sangoma board
  # Key=Value             # values specific to this type of device

  #
  # DLCI Default configuration parameters
  # These may be overridden in the DLCI specific configurations
  #
  CIRfwd=64               # CIR forward   1 - 64
  # Bc_fwd=16             # Bc forward    1 - 512
  # Be_fwd=0              # Be forward    0 - 511
  # CIRbak=16             # CIR backward  1 - 64
  # Bc_bak=16             # Bc backward   1 - 512
  # Be_bak=0              # Be backward   0 - 511

  #
  # DLCI Configuration
  # These are all optional. The naming convention is
  # [DLCI_D<devicenum>_<DLCI_Num>]
  #

  [DLCI_D1_16]
  # IP=
  # Net=
  # Mask=
  # Flags defined by Sangoma: TXIgnore,RXIgnore,BufferFrames
  # DLCIFlags=TXIgnore,RXIgnore,BufferFrames
  # CIRfwd=64
  # Bc_fwd=512
  # Be_fwd=0
  # CIRbak=64
  # Bc_bak=512
  # Be_bak=0

  [DLCI_D2_16]
  # IP=
  # Net=
  # Mask=
  # Flags defined by Sangoma: TXIgnore,RXIgnore,BufferFrames
  # DLCIFlags=TXIgnore,RXIgnore,BufferFrames
  # CIRfwd=16
  # Bc_fwd=16
  # Be_fwd=0
  # CIRbak=16
  # Bc_bak=16
  # Be_bak=0

  /etc/frad/router.conf  ٸ    
  ġ ϴ ̴. ̴ Ϲ Ʈ ġ  ణ 
  ٷο FRAD ġ DLCI ĸȭ ġ  ؾ Ѵٴ 
  ؾ Ѵ. ɵ  Ƿ  ũƮ ȿ ־δ 
  .

               #!/bin/sh
               # Configure the frad hardware and the DLCI parameters
               /sbin/fradcfg /etc/frad/router.conf || exit 1
               /sbin/dlcicfg file /etc/frad/router.conf
               #
               # Bring up the FRAD device
               ifconfig sdla0 up
               #
               # Configure the DLCI encapsulation interfaces and routing
               ifconfig dlci00 192.168.10.1 pointopoint 192.168.10.2 up
               route add -net 192.168.10.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 dlci00
               #
               ifconfig dlci01 192.168.11.1 pointopoint 192.168.11.2 up
               route add -net 192.168.11.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 dlci00
               #
               route add default dev dlci00
               #

  8.8.  IPX ( AF_IPX )

  IPC  Novell NetWare(tm)  Ʈ ȣ濡  
  δ.     ϰ  IPX ͳ
  Ʈ  ܸ ۵ϵ   ִ.

  Kernel Compile Options:

               Networking options  --->
                   [*] The IPX protocol
                   [ ] Full internal IPX network

  IPX ݰ NCPFS IPX-HOWTO   ڼ ٷ.

  8.9.  NetRom ( AF_NETROM )

  NetRom ġ ̸ `nr0', `nr1' ̴.

  Kernel Compile Options:

               Networking options  --->
                   [*] Amateur Radio AX.25 Level 2
                   [*] Amateur Radio NET/ROM

  AX25 Netrom, Rose ݵ AX25-HOWTO ٷ. 
  ݵ Ƹ߾  ڵ鿡 ؼ Ŷ  迡
  θ ȴ.

   ݵ  κ Jonathon Naylor, jsn@cs.nott.ac.uk
   ̷.

  8.10.  Rose protocol ( AF_ROSE )

  Rose ġ ̸ Ŀ 2.1.* `rs0', `rs1' ̴. Rose Ŀ
  2.1.* ȴ.

  Kernel Compile Options:

               Networking options  --->
                   [*] Amateur Radio AX.25 Level 2
                   <*> Amateur Radio X.25 PLP (Rose)

  AX25 Netrom, Rose ݵ AX25-HOWTO ٷ. 
  ݵ Ƹ߾  ڵ鿡 ؼ Ŷ  迡
  θ ȴ.

   ݵ  κ Jonathon Naylor, jsn@cs.nott.ac.uk
   ̷.

  8.11.  SAMBA - `NetBEUI', `NetBios', `CIFS'  .

  SAMBA Session Management Block   ̴. Samba
  Microsoft ٸ ýܵ  ũ ͸ Ʈ 
  ְ ش.

  SAMBA   SMB-HOWTO ڼ ٷ.

  8.12.  STRIP  (Starmode Radio IP)

  STRIP ġ ̸ `st0', `st1' ̴.

  Kernel Compile Options:

          Network device support  --->
                  [*] Network device support
                  ....
                  [*] Radio network interfaces
                  < > STRIP (Metricom starmode radio IP)

  STRIP MosquitoNet Project Ҹ Stanford  Ʈ 
   Ϸ Metricom  𵩿 ̴.  Ʈ
      ̿ ؼ ִ  Ÿ .

  Metricom   ġ Ǿ spread spectrum 
  ϸ   100kbps ӵ   ִ. Metricom  
   Metricom Web Server   ִ.

   Stanford Ʈ  ƿƼ STRIP ̹ 
    MosquitoNet   Ưȭ  ޾ƾ Ѵ.
  п  Ʈ ʿ  ڼ  MosquitoNet
  STRIP Page ִ.

  뷫  slattach α׷ Ͽ  tty ġ STRIP
  ۵ϵ    `st[0-9]' ġ ̴ ġ  Ѵ.
  ⿡   ܻ ִµ,   STRIP ARP
    Ƿ    ȣƮ鿡  ARP
  Ʈ  ۾   Ѵ. ̰ ׷  
  ƴ ̴.

  8.13.  Token Ring

  Token ring ġ ̸ `tr0', `tr1' ̴. Toekn Ring   LAN
    ̼(ȣƮ)Ը ڷḦ   ִ Ǹ ν
  Ŷ 浹 ϴ, IBM ǥ LAN ̴. `token'  
   ̼ǿԸ ȴ.  ̼ ڽ ڷḦ  
  token  ̼ǿ ѱ. token ۵ϴ  ̼ǵ
   Ǹ  ̸ `Token Ring'̴.

  Kernel Compile Options:

               Network device support  --->
                       [*] Network device support
                       ....
                       [*] Token Ring driver support
                       < > IBM Tropic chipset based adaptor support

  token ring  Ʈ ġ ̸ ٸ  ϰ ̴
   ϴ.

  8.14.  X.25

  X.25 C.C.I.T.T. (  ȭ  ȸ  ǥ 
  ȸ)  ǵ Ŷ  Ŷ Ī ̴. X.25
  LAPB   ̸ ֽ 2.1.* Ŀ   ϰ
  ִ.

  Jonathon Naylor jsn@cs.nott.ac.uk    ֵϰ 
   X.25   ϱ  ϸ Ʈ .
   Ʈ Ϸ majordomo@vger.rutgers.edu "subscribe linux-
  x25"    ȴ.

    ʱ  Jonathon ftp Ʈ ftp.cs.nott.ac.uk
    ִ.

  8.15.  WaveLan Card

  Wavelan ġ ̸ `eth0', `eth1' ̴.

  Ŀ  ɼ:

       Network device support  --->
               [*] Network device support
               ....
               [*] Radio network interfaces
               ....
               <*> WaveLAN support

  WaveLAN  ī spread spectrum  ī̴.   ī
  ̴ ī ſ     ȴ.

  Wavelan.com Wavelan ī忡     ִ.

  9.  Cables and Cabling ̺ ̺ 

   ߿  ͼ    ӽ ϴ ̺
    ; ̴. Ʒ  ̾׷ ̷ е鿡
    ̴.

  9.1.  Serial NULL Modem cable

   NULL modem cable  ʴ.    ̺ 
  ڷ ۼ ¹ٲٰ ǻͰ ˸ ȣ ٰ ϵ
    ۿ  ʴ´. ̰͵   ϵ 帧
    ȿ Ʈ   (XON/XOFF)  Ͽ߸
  Ѵ. Ʒ ̺ ӽŰ  ּ ȣ ۼ ϸ
  ϵ 帧  (RTS/CTS)   ֵ ش.

       Pin Name  Pin                               Pin
       Tx Data    2  -----------------------------  3
       Rx Data    3  -----------------------------  2
       RTS        4  -----------------------------  5
       CTS        5  -----------------------------  4
       Ground     7  -----------------------------  7
       DTR        20 -\---------------------------  8
       DSR        6  -/
       RLSD/DCD   8  ---------------------------/-  20
                                                \-  6

  9.2.  Parallel port cable (PLIP cable)

   ӽŰ PLIP   Ѵٸ  ̺  
  з Ʈ     ۵ ̴.

       Pin Name    pin            pin
       STROBE      1*
       D0->ERROR   2  ----------- 15
       D1->SLCT    3  ----------- 13
       D2->PAPOUT  4  ----------- 12
       D3->ACK     5  ----------- 10
       D4->BUSY    6  ----------- 11
       D5          7*
       D6          8*
       D7          9*
       ACK->D3     10 ----------- 5
       BUSY->D4    11 ----------- 6
       PAPOUT->D2  12 ----------- 4
       SLCT->D1    13 ----------- 3
       FEED        14*
       ERROR->D0   15 ----------- 2
       INIT        16*
       SLCTIN      17*
       GROUND      25 ----------- 25

  Notes: ˾ƾ  ͵:

  o  `*' ǥð    ƶ.

  o  ӽ  18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 ̴.

  o   ϴ ̺ metallic shield  ִٸ 
      metallic DB-25 shell Ǿ Ѵ.

     ǻ: ߸  PLIP ̺  Ʈ ī带 ߸
      ִ.  ſ Ǹ ϰ ߸      
     ˻϶.

  PLIP ̺  Ÿ    ϸ ̸ ض.
  ̺   1 ӱ̵ ϴٰ Ѵ. ̳ ,
   ߽ű   ڱ ε ȣ ϰų 
  Ʈѷ ó   Ƿ Ÿ PILP ̺   ſ
  Ͽ.   Ÿ ִ  ǻ͸ ؾ Ѵٸ thin-net
  ̴ ī  ְ  ̺ ϴ  .

  9.3.  10base2 (thin coax) Ethernet Cabling

  10base2 ̴ ̺  ǥ   5mm  52¥
   ̺ Ѵ. ӽŵ 10base2   ؾ 
  ߿ Ģ   ִ. ù° ĳ̺   ͹̳͸ 
  Ѱ ̴.  ͹̳ʹ ȣ     ݻ ʰ
  ǵ ϱ  52¥ ̴. ̺   ͹̳Ͱ
   ̴ Ҿϰų  ۵ ϴ  ߰ ̴.
   ӽ ϱ ؼ `T pieces'  ϸ ̷  
  Ʒó .

   |==========T=============T=============T==========T==========|
              |             |             |          |
              |             |             |          |
            -----         -----         -----      -----
            |   |         |   |         |   |      |   |
            -----         -----         -----      -----

    `|' ͹̳͸, `=====' (Ȥ )  BNC ÷װ
  ޸  ̺, `T' `T piece' ܳ͸ Ÿ. `T piece'
  PC ̴ ī  ̴   ª ؾ ϸ
  ̻δ `T piece' ̴ ī忡  ȴ.

  9.4.  Twisted Pair Ethernet Cable

     twisted pair ̴ ī常  ְ ̵
  ϱ Ѵٸ  ʿ.  ī带    ִ. ̸
  ϴ  ׸ ̾׷ Ethernet-HOWTO  ԵǾ ִ.

  10.      ؼ

  Ʒ    ſ ߿   Ϻ ̴.

     ARP
        Address Resolution Protocol Ӹ̸ Ʈ ӽ IP ּҷ
        ش ϵ ּҸ ãƳ ̴.

     ATM
        Asynchronous Transfer Mode Ӹ̴. ATM Ʈ ڷḦ 
           ȿ   ִ ǥ ũ
         ´. ATM circuit switched packet network
        technology̴.

     Ŭ̾Ʈ(client)
        Ϲ ڰ ִ ý κп ϴ Ʈ
        κ ǹѴ. ̿  ܵ ִµ   X11 
        ýۿ ʿ ִ  (server)̰ ָ 
        ӽ ʿ ִ  Ŭ̾Ʈ(client)̴. Ŭ̾Ʈ 
         Ǵ 񽺸 ޴ α׷̰ų ý ̴.
        slip̳ ppp  peer to peer ýۿ Ŭ̾Ʈ
         ʱȭϴ  Ǹ    ȴ.

     Ÿ׷(datagram)
        Ÿ׷ ּҸ  ش ڷ ̻ ̸ IP
        Ʈ  ⺻  ̴. ̸ `Ŷ(packet)'̶
        θ⵵ Ѵ.

     DLCI
        DLCI Data Link Connection Identifier̸ Frame Relay Ʈ
          virtual point to point  ϱ 
        ȴ.  DLCI Ϲ Freme Relay Ʈ ڿ 
        ȴ.
     Frame Relay
        Frame Relay  Ͼ Ʈ ⿡ ̻
         Ʈ ̴.  Frame Relay   Ʈ
        뷮 ϰ  ణ ٸ ð Ʈ ̿ϹǷν
        Ʈ    ִ.

     Hardware address
        media access (layer)  Ʈ  ȣƮ
        ϰ ϱ  ̴.  δ ̴ ּ(Ethernet
        Address) AX.25 Address ִ.

     ISDN
        Integrated Services Digital Network ̴.  ȭ ȸ簡
        ڷ      ִ ǥȭ 
        Ѵ.  ISDN circuit switched data network̴.

     ISP
        Internet Service Provider ̴. 鿡 ͳ
        Ʈ  ϴ ȸ糪 ̴.

     IP address
        Ʈ 󿡼 TCP/IP ȣƮ ϰ ϴ ̴. 4
        Ʈ ̸  "dotted decimal notation"̶ 
        ǥǴµ  Ŀ  Ʈ  ǥǸ Ʈ
        ̿ `.' д.

     MSS
        Maximum Segment Size (MSS)   ޵  ִ ڷ ִ
        ũ̴.  ȭ(local fragmentation)  Ѵٸ
        MSS MTU-IP ش ؾ Ѵ.

     MTU
        Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)    ɰ ʿ
         IP ̽  ۵  ִ Ÿ׷ ִ
        ũ⸦ Ѵ. MTU ȭ  ä ۽Ű ϴ
        Ÿ׷ ִ ũ⺸ ĿѴ. ̴ θ(locally)
        ȭ      ٸ ũ   MTU 
          Ÿ׷ ȭ ߻  ִ. ǥ 
        ̴ ̽ 1500̰ SLIP ̽ 576 ̴.

     Ʈ(route)
        route Ÿ׷ Ʈ     ġ
        ̴.

     (server)
        ڿ ָ  ý ܸ̳ Ʈ Ϻ̴.
         ϳ ̻ Ŭ̾Ʈ  񽺸 Ѵ. 
        δ ftp, Networked File System, Domain Name Server ִ.
        slip̳ ppp peer to peer ýۿ ־  ῡ
        ҷ ̸ θ  Ŭ̾Ʈ̴.
     (window)
        The window      ִ ڷ ִ
        ũ̴.

  11.  ISP   ?

   ISP 뵵   Ѵٸ Linux ISP homepage 
   Ѵ.

  12.  Acknowledgements

         鿡 ϰ ʹ
  (): Terry Dawson, Axel Boldt, Arnt Gulbrandsen, Gary
  Allpike, Cees de Groot, Alan Cox, Jonathon Naylor, Claes Ensson, Ron
  Nessim, John Minack, Jean-Pierre Cocatrix, Erez Strauss.

  13.  Copyright.

  Copyright Information

  The NET-3-HOWTO, information on how to install and configure
  networking support for Linux. Copyright (c) 1997 Terry Dawson, 1998
  Alessandro Rubini, 1999 {POET} - LinuxPorts

  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at
  your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the
  hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even
  the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
  PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You
  should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
  with this program; if not, write to the: Free Software Foundation,
  Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

  : ۱  κ ǹ    ʽϴ.

