  /  

   Guido Gonzato, guido@ibogeo.df.unibo.it <mailto:guido@ibo
  geo.df.unibo.it>
   1.3.2 1999 2 22
   :    (songsookim@yahoo.com <mailto:songsookim@yahoo.com>)

   Ͽ  н Ŭ(ǰ)  ȯϷ  
  / ڵ(  '' ľ ) 
  ̴.    ڰ  ִ    
  ȯ ȯ Ӹ ƴ϶  OS ϰ   ҽ ְ
  ޴µ Ʈ ϴ ̴.
  ______________________________________________________________________

  

  1. Ұ
     1.1  ſ Ѱ?
     1.2 .   ̾߱ شٿ.
        1.2.1 ⺻ 
        1.2.2  
     1.3 Ϸα

  2.    ؼ
  3. bash 
     3.1 ϰ α׷
     3.2  :  
     3.3 Symbolic Links
     3.4 Permission(permission) 
     3.5  : ɾ 
        3.5.1 Examples
     3.6 α׷ : Ƽ ½ŷ 
     3.7 Ʈ ǻͿ α׷ ϱ

  4. 丮 
     4.1 丮:  
     4.2 丮 permission
     4.3 丮
        4.3.1 

  5. ÷, ϵũ, Ÿ
     5.1 DOS  ̽ 
     5.2 н  ̽ 
     5.3 

  6.  ?
  7. ⿡  ý ߱
     7.1 ý ġ ϵ
     7.2 α׷ ʱ  

  8. Ʈŷ 
  9. ణ α׷
     9.1  ũƮ:   .BAT 
     9.2 C ȥ 

  10.  1%
     10.1 tar gzip 
     10.2 ø̼ ġ
     10.3  ˾ ξ  
     10.4 ø̼ ã
     10.5      ͵
     10.6 DOS/Windows н 
     10.7 Ϲ ϴ Ȯڿ  α׷
     10.8  ȯ
     10.9  ǽ Ʈ

  11. ϴ 
     11.1 ۱
     11.2 

  ______________________________________________________________________

  1.  Ұ

  1.1.   ſ Ѱ?

  ( ) 迡  ٲٰ ?   ߴ:
    , 9x  NT  ξ
  Ǹϴ.   ſԴ    ִٴ  
  . /  ̿ Ŀٶ  ִ:

  o  쿡 ũμƮ ǽ   ų  ִ.
     ġ    νĵȴ.  Ҿϴ. 
     . ɽϸ ý ״´.

  o   Ÿǽ  ũ Ʈ ׸   
     Ǵ  ų  ִ.  ġ    ִ.
     ó ̴.      ִ; ý ״
      ſ ſ 幰.

      ʿ  ڽſ ޷ִ.    ش.
       Ŀ    ְ Ǳ  ð 鿩
     θ ؾ Ѵ.  ׷Ƿ ʿ α׷ ü 
     α׷  Ǵ ο ɾ     
      ˾  ̴.    Թڵ ʱ  
     Ѵٴ   .

   ϱ⿡    ʿϴ.   
   а     ϱ  ɼ 븦  .
   İ    Ѵ.   ùٸ
  ڶ  ؼ  ǻ  踦 ߰ϰ 
  ̴.  ׷,  + /   ǻͿ ູϰ 
   ִ.

    ͵ ̹ ߰ ־ Ѵ.

  o  ⺻  ɾ  Ѵ.

  o   ׸ ϸ X  ý (ٿ X11) PC 
     ġǾ ִ;

  o  (command.com شϴ ) bash Ѵ.

  o  Ư     ִ     
     ܳ ̴.  쿡   濡 ηִ. 
     н ͸ 䳻 ʹ ޸   
     ٸ.  ׸    Թ ƴϰ  Ǹ  
     OK ̵ϵ ƴ϶  ϶!    ֽ 
      ҿ      ִ.
     sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/docs/howto
     <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/docs/howto> ѱ www.kldp.org
     <http://www.kldp.org>

  1.2.  .   ̾߱ شٿ.

   PC  ʿ α׷ ġϿ.  ڽſ 
   ο װ    ̴.    ̸
  йȣ Էϰ ȭ Ĵٺ鼭: '   ?' ϰ
  ϰ  ̴.  , Ǹ .   / 
  ϴ ͵ ̰   ξ   ϵ  غ Ǿ ִ.
    /츦 ٸ   ϵ  ̴.

  o  α׷   , , , , μ,  ̸
     ;

  o  丮 CD, MD, RD, DIR  

  o  ÷ ˰  ̸ ϱ;

  o  ý ٵ;

  o  ͳ ;

  o   ϴ  .BAT ϰ α׷ ¥

  o    1%

     ݰԵ ̷ ۾    
     ̷  ִ.    ڵ 100 Ѵ ɾ
       ѵ ڸ Ѵ:  ϸ 
        ִ.

  1.2.1.  ⺻ 

     ״   .   ϰ 
     Ѵ.

    ˾  :

  o  켱  ϰ   ˾ƾ Ѵ. ؽƮ  ũ
     ̸ <CTRL-ALT-DEL> .  ׸ ý õ 
     ٷȴٰ PC ġ . X  ý ϰ ִٸ
      <CTRL-ALT-BACKSPACE>   <CTRL-ALT-DEL> . ׳
     ġ ų  ߸     Ѵ.
     ׷ٰ  ý ĥ  ִ.

  o   Ǵ ʹ ޸    Ŀ  ִ.
     ϰ 丮 Permission(permission) ޷ ִ.  
     ̳ 丮 ߿ Ϲ ڴ    ͵ ִ.
     ('Permission ' κ ). ݸ  
     ϵũ ִ     ϴ.

  o  װ ٷ ǻ      ִ   
     ý ڴ.   PC ٷ  root  ̴.
     root ڰ ۾ϴ  ϴ.  / 
      Ǽ ýۿ ġ ջ ְų ı  ִ.  
     ʿ 츦  rootμ ۾ .

  o     ٷ     ֱ ̴.
     ǻ  ɰ  α׷ ϳ Ǵ   
     Ϸ ڽſ ° ٵ  ִ.  Ŀ  밡 
     ϴ ̴.

  o  Redirection Piping  μ  
     ξ  ϰ ߿ϴ.   ɵ ļ  ۾
        ֱ ̴. Redirection Piping    
      Ѵ.

  1.2.2.   

     پ    ִ.  ߿ :

  o  Ũ̼ д´ -- ̰ ʼ.   а ִ
     Ͽ   Ұ   ְ  о  å 
      ִ.   (Matt Welsh)  ġ ͼ(Linux
     Installation and Getting Started)
     sunsite.unc.edu/mdw/LDP/gs/gs.html
     <http://sunsite.unc.edu/mdw/LDP/gs/gs.html>),  ׸ʵ(Larry
     Greenfield)   ̵(Linux User Guide)
     sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/linux-doc-project/users-guide
     <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/linux-doc-project/users-
     guide> ׸  FAQ sunsite.unc.edu/mdw/FAQ/Linux-FAQ.html
     <http://sunsite.unc.edu/mdw/FAQ/Linux-FAQ.html>.  ̵   
      б  å .

  o  ǻͿ ġ Ű  Documentation /usr/doc/ Ʒ ִ
     찡 .

  o  Shell ' ɵ'   ʿϸ 'help'  Էϰų
     Ǵ     'man bash' Ǵ 'info bash'  ԷѴ.

  o   ɿ   'man ɾ'  Էϸ  ɾ
     Ŵ  ҷ´.  ٸ δ 'info ɾ'  
     Է  ִµ ش ɾ  info  
     ҷ´.  info ؽƮ  Documentation ý,
     ó   ϱⰡ  ʴ.   'apropos
     ɾ' Ǵ 'whatis ɾ'    ִ.   ɾ
       'q'  ȴ.

  o    ͳ ִ.    Ҵ
     newscomp.os.linux.setup <http://comp.os.linux.setup>> 
     ̴.    ʹ    ̸  
     ﰡ  ڴ.

  1.3.  Ϸα

    ü     . <...> ʼ
  ƱԸƮ [...] ɼ ƱԸƮ.   :$ tar -tf <file.tar> [>
  redir_file]file.tar ݵ õǾ ϸ redir_file
  ̷ ɼ̴.  "RMP"  ˰  Man  о
  ̴. Ũ̼ д Ϳ  ߿伺 ƹ ص
  ġ ʴ.  "DOSWin" "DOS/Winodws" ǹѴ.Ʈ #
  Ÿ ɾ Ʈ ؼ   ִ.  ( ߰ : 
  ߿ Է ɾ  찡 ֽϴ.  ƹ ǥð
   д е Ǹ Ͽ Ȧ ǥ ' '  ϴ. ' ' ӿ
    ࿡  Է  ǥմϴ.)

  2.     ؼ

  Ʈ ƿ ϰ ? Ʒ ̺ :

         DOS                      Linux                                   Notes
         ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

         ATTRIB (+-)attr file     chmod <mode> file                       ſ ٸ
         BACKUP                   tar -Mcvf device dir/                   
         CD dirname\                     cd dirname/                               syntax 
         COPY file1 file2         cp file1 file2                          
         DEL file                         rm file                                     
         DELTREE dirname          rm -R dirname/                          
         DIR                              ls                                      syntax  ٸ
         DIR file /S                      find . -name file                        ٸ
         EDIT file                        vi file                                    
                                          jstar file                               Edit 
         EDLIN file                       ed file                                 Ű   
         FORMAT                   fdformat,
                                          mount, umount                            ٸ syntax
         HELP command             man command,                             ö
                                          info command
         MD dirname               mkdir dirname/                            syntax
         MORE < file              less file                               ξ 
         MOVE file1 file2         mv file1 file2                          
         NUL                              /dev/null                               
         PRINT file                       lpr file                                
         PRN                              /dev/lp0,
                                          /dev/lp1                                
         RD dirname               rmdir dirname/                             syntax
         REN file1 file2                  mv file1 file2                              
         RESTORE                  tar -Mxpvf device                       ٸ syntax
         TYPE file                        less file                               ξ 
         WIN                              startx                                   ġ !

  ɾ ̺       
  .

  3.  bash 

  ҽ :  bash  ʿ  ˾Ƽ Ÿ ְ 
    ɵ ֱ  Ÿ .  켱, ȭǥ
  ϸ   ҷ´;   ̻ ɵ ִ. <TAB>
  Ű   ̸ 丮 ̸ ϼش.  ׷ 
   Ÿϸ

          $ ls /uTABloTABbTAB

  Ʒó Ÿ ϴ  ȴ.

          $ ls /usr/local/bin

    ĺ ϴ ̳ 丮  

      $ ls /uTABloTABiTAB

   Էϸ bash /usr/local/info ǹϴ /usr/local/include
  ǹϴ 𸣱  .  ׷    ڸ ġ
  <TAB> ȴ.     ٸ  Ű  <ESC-BACKSPACE>
  ִ.  ̰ ʿ ִ ܾ ° . ݸ鿡 <ESC-D>
   ʿ ִ ܾ .  <ESC-F> Ŀ  
  ܾŭ ǳ ٰ ϰ <ESC-B>   ܾ ŭ ǳ ٰ
  Ѵ.  <ALT>Ű <ESC> Ű ϰ ۵Ѵ.    μ  
  ϴ.  ϴ  Ű鿡 ͼ DOS Ʈ  ϰ
   ̴.

  3.1.  ϰ α׷

  3.2.   :  

   ϰ 丮  DOSWin  ſ ϴ.
  ϵ  Ģ   ̸   丮 ӿ
  °, Ϻδ  ϸ   ϵ κ 
  ġ  ִ.   ϵī , ̷,  
   ִ.

      :

  o  DOS  ̸  8.3 ¸ .   NOTENOUG.TXT .
           ִ.  ext2 umsdos  
     ý ؼ  ġߴٸ   ̸(ִ 255
     ڱ)   ִ.  ׸  ϳ ̻   ִ.
      This_is.a.VERY_long.filename . 빮ڿ ҹڸ   
      .  ...

  o  ̸̳ ɿ 빮ڿ ҹڴ ȴ. FILENAME.tar.gz
     filename.tar.gz  ٸ ̴.  ls ɾε LS 
     ɾ .

  o   ڵ    ̸    
     ִ.   ̸ (̽)  (Ұ 
     ƴ  ʴ  )  ̸    
     ǥ ѷξ Ѵ.

      :

     ___________________________________________________________________
             $ #   "My old files" 丮 
             $ mkdir "My old files"
             $ ls    My old files    bin     tmp
     ___________________________________________________________________

  ׸ !*$&# ڵ   .

  o  Ư Ȯڸ ǹ  ʾƵ ȴ.    
     α׷̶ ݵ .COM̳ .EXE Ǵ ġ ̶ .BAT
     ؾ߸ ϴ  ƴϴ.    ϵ ls -F 
      ̸  ƽ׸ũ  '*' ǥõǾ Ÿ.

      :

     ___________________________________________________________________
             $ ls -F
             I_am_a_dir/   cindy.jpg    cjpg*   letter_to_Joe    my_1st_script*  old~
     ___________________________________________________________________

  cjpg* ϰ my_1st_script*   ϵ  α׷̴.
  DOS  ϵ .BAK  ݸ  ƿ ' '
  .    ϴ   Ϸ ֵȴ.  
  .I.am.a.hidden.file  ls   ʴ´.

  o   α׷ ġ(ɼ) '/ġ'   Ѵ.
      '-ġ' Ǵ '--ġ'   Ѵ.  :
     dir /s ls -R  ȴ.  PKZIP̳ ARJ    α׷
     н Ÿ ġ Ѵ.

      " DOS ɾ  ɾ "  Ѿ
       .    аڴ.

  3.3.  Symbolic Links

  н DOS    ִ: ٷ Symbolic Link.  ̰
  ̳ 丮 Ű ͷ   ִµ װ Ű
  ̳ 丮    ִ.   'ٷ '
  ϴ. symbolic link  /usr/X11R6 Ű /usr/X11;
  /dev/ttyS0 Ǵ /dev/ttyS1   ϳ Ű /dev/modem  ִ.

  symbolic link :

          $ ln -s <file_or_dir> <linkname>

  :

          $ ln -s /usr/doc/g77/DOC g77manual.txt

  ̷ ϸ /usr/doc/g77/DOC  g77manual.txt   ִ. ũ 丮  ϸ   Ÿ:

          $ls -F
          g77manual.txt@
          $ ls -l       (several things...)           g77manual.txt -> /usr/doc/g77/DOC

  3.4.  Permission(permission) 

  DOS ϰ 丮   Ӽ ´.  A(), H(),
  R(б ), S(ý).  ̵  H R ǹ̸ ´.
     ϰ R Ӽ ؼ   о.
  н Ͽ "Permission(permission)" ڰ ִ. ڴ
   "׷" Ѵ.    .

         $ ls -l /bin/ls
         -rwxr-xr-x  1  root  bin  27281 Aug 15 1995 /bin/ls*

   ó ʵ /bin/ls  permission Ÿ  root
  ϸ bin̶ ׷쿡 Ѵ.  ٸ  ġϰ -rwxr-xr-x 
  ʿ    ǹϴ ص:

  -    ̴. (- =  , d = 丮, l = ũ )
  rwx  ڰ  permission б, ,   Ÿ.
  r-x  ڰ  ׷쿡 ־ Permission б, 
  Ÿ.  (ʺڶ ׷     ״ ׷ 信
  ؼ  ʰڴ ;-) r-x ٸ  ڵ 
  permission б,  Ÿ.

  丮 /bin  permission پִ: "丮 permission"
  ǿ   ڼ  ִ.  ٷ ̷   Ʈ
  ƴϰ /bin/ls     ̴:   permission 
  ̴.   permission ٲٷ    Ѵ.

         $ chmod <whoXperm> <file>

  ⿡ who u(,  ), g (׷), o (  ), X + Ǵ
  -, perm r(б), w(), x()  ϳ.   chmod ϴ
   .

       $ chmod +x file

  ̷ ϸ ش   permission ȴ.

       $ chmod go-rw file

  ̷ ϸ  ̿  ڷκ б  permission
  Ѵ.

    $ chmod ugo+rwx file

  ̰  ̿ б, ,  permission οѴ.

         # chmod +s file

  ̰  "setuid" Ǵ "suid" Ϸ  Ưǰ Բ 
   ų  ִ.    Ʈ suid    ִ.
   ϵ  X   ߿ ý  찡 .

  permission ϴ     ڷ ǥϴ ̴.
  rwxr-xr-x 755 ǥ  ִ(  ڿ شϴ Ʈ ִ.
  ---- 0̰ --x 1, -w- 2, -wx 3...).   
  ϸ     ̴.  Ʈ   ̵
   permission ٲ  ִ. RMP.

  3.5.   : ɾ 

  ʿ  ; ʿ ׿ شϴ  ɾ̴.

          ATTRIB:         chmod
          COPY:           cp
          DEL:            rm
          MOVE:           mv
          REN:            mv
          TYPE:           more, less, cat

  Redirection and plumbing operators:  < > >> |

  Wildcards: * ?

  nul:        /dev/null

  prn, lpt1:  /dev/lp0 or /dev/lp1; lpr

  3.5.1.  Examples

  DOS                                                             Linux
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------
  C:\GUIDO>ATTRIB +R FILE.TXT            $ chmod 400 file.txt
  C:\GUIDO>COPY JOE.TXT JOE.DOC                  $ cp joe.txt joe.doc
  C:\GUIDO>COPY *.* TOTAL                                $ cat * > total
  C:\GUIDO>COPY FRACTALS.DOC PRN                 $ lpr fractals.doc
  C:\GUIDO>DEL TEMP                                      $ rm temp
  C:\GUIDO>DEL *.BAK                                     $ rm *~
  C:\GUIDO>MOVE PAPER.TXT TMP\                  $ mv paper.txt tmp/
  C:\GUIDO>REN PAPER.TXT PAPER.ASC               $ mv paper.txt paper.asc
  C:\GUIDO>PRINT LETTER.TXT                      $ lpr letter.txt
  C:\GUIDO>TYPE LETTER.TXT                       $ more letter.txt
  C:\GUIDO>TYPE LETTER.TXT                       $ less letter.txt
  C:\GUIDO>TYPE LETTER.TXT > NUL                 $ cat letter.txt > /dev/null
                  n/a                                             $ more *.txt *.asc
                  n/a                                             $ cat section*.txt | less

  ˾Ƶ :

  o   *   پ   ִ.  *  
        ǹѴ.   .*   ϵ ǹѴ
     (  丮 '.'̰  丮 '..' 
     ϶!)  *.* . ߰  ִ ϵ   
     ϵ鸸 ǹѴ.  p*r 'peter' Ǵ 'piper' ǹѴ. *c*
     'picked' ׸ 'peck' ǹѴ.

  o  more   <SPACE>      'q'
      Ѵ.  less ȭǥ   ־   
     ϱ .

  o  UNDELETE Ƿ  ̵      غ.

  o  DOS < > >> Ͽ  2> Ͽ  ޽
     ̷Ʈ ų  ִ(stderr).  ߰ 2>&1 stderr stdout
     ̷Ʈϰ 1>&2 stdout stderr ̷ƮѴ.

  o   ϵ ī尡 ϳ  ִ. ٷ [ ]̴.  :
     [abc] a, b, c ϴ ϵ ǹѴ.  *[I-N2-3] I, J, K,
     L, M, N, 1, 2, 3;  ϵ ǹѴ.

  o  lpr <file> ش  ׶ μѴ. Ʈ ť Ȯ
      lpq Ѵ.   ť  Ϸ lprm
     ϸ ȴ.

  o   RENAME   .  mv *.xxx *.yyy ó  
     .  REN-  ɾ    sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/utils/file
     <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/utils/file>    ִ.

  o  cp -i mv -i ϸ         ִ.

  3.6.  α׷ : Ƽ ½ŷ 

  α׷   DOS   α׷ ̸
  Էϸ ȴ.   α׷ Ǿ ִ 丮("丮 "
  ) PATH("ý ʱȭ "  ) ִٸ α׷
   ̴.

  : DOSʹ ޸  ش α׷  丮
  ִ ϴ PATH   ʴ   ʴ´.  īŸ:
  α׷  prog̶  './prog'̶ ԷѴ.  
    ´.

         $ command [-s1 [-s2] ... [-sn]] [par1 [par2] ... [parn]] [< input] [> output]

  ⿡ -s1, ..., -sn α׷ ġ, par1, ..., parn α׷
  Ű(parameter).  ϳ ࿡      ִ.

         $ command1 ; command2 ; ... ; commandn

  ̻ α׷  õ  ̴.  ̺   
  ϴ ͵  ʴ.   ϴ ߿   ϳ
  Ƽ½ŷ OS ̱ ̴ ---   α׷(δ
  μ θ) ÿ   ִ.    μ
  ׶忡 Ű  ؼ ٸ ۾ ϰ ־ ȴ.
  Դٰ   ǵ ϴ: ġ   ǻ͸ 
    ϴ Ͱ !

  o   ֿܼ  1..6 ȯϷ <ALT-F1> ... <ALT-F6>
      ȴ.

  o    ֿܼ   ״ ΰ ο 
     Ϸ su -  <loginname>̶ Էϸ ȴ.  : su - root.
     ̴ Ʈ permission  ۾ ؾ ϴ   
      ϴ.

  o   ߷ exit ԷѴ.  ۾   
     ´(̿ ؼ  ִٰ ٽ ٷ)

  o  ׶忡 μ ϳ Ϸ   '&'
     δ.  $ progname [-switches] [parameters] [< input] [> output] &
     [1] 123  ش μ ۾ ȣ( [1]; Ʒ )
     PID(Process Identification Number - μ ĺ ȣ 
     123) ĺѴ.

  o    μ   ȮϷ ps ax ԷѴ.
     ̴  ǰ ִ μ Ʈ ش.
  o  μ ϳ ̷() kill <PID>  ԷѴ.  
     μ  ϴ     μ 
     ʿ䰡 ִ....  Ʈ ƴ ̻ ٸ  μ 
      .   -SIGKILL <PID> ؾ߸ ״ μ ִ.
     ߰, μ ߰ ϰų ӽ÷ ۵ Űų
     ׶ ų ׶忡 ׶ ҷ  ִ.
     ̷ ƿ μ "job -  ۾"̶ Ҹ.

  o   ۾   ȮϷ jobs ԷѴ. ⿡
     ۾ PID ƴ϶ ۾ ȣ ĺȴ.

  o  ׶忡  μ Ϸ <CTRL-C>
     (׻ ۵ϴ  ƴϴ).

  o  ׶忡  μ Ͻ ߴϷ <CTRL-Z>
     (tkdehd).

  o   ۾ ׶ ҷ fg <%job>̶ ԷѴ.
      ׶  ۾ ׶ ҷ
     ׳ fg Էϸ ȴ.

  o  ۾ ̷ kill <%job>̶ ԷѴ.  ⿡ <job> 1, 2,
     3,....  ͵̴.  ̷ ɵ Ͽ ÿ ũ
     ϰ,   ϵ Ͽ , α׷ ϰ,
       Ǯ鼭  ٸ ִ Ʈ ϴ  ٸ
        ִ.  츦 ̿  Ϸ غ 
      󸶳 ̰   ݹ   ִ (װ͵ ý 
     ʰ   쿡 ̴).

  3.7.  Ʈ ǻͿ α׷ ϱ

  remote.machine.edu Ʈ ӽ( ǻ) α׷
  Ϸ   ԷѴ:

         $ telnet remote.machine.edu

  α   ϴ α׷ ϸ ȴ.   Ʈ
  ӽſ  īƮ ־ Ѵ.  X11  ִٸ Ʈ ǻͿ
  X ø̼ǵ  ڽ X ȭ鿡 Ÿ   ִ.
  remote.machine.edu Ʈ X ǻ, local.linux.box ڽ
  ϰ ִ  ӽ̶ .  remote.machine.edu
  ϰ ִ X α׷ local.linux.box Ϸ  
  ϸ ȴ.

  o   X11, xterm Ǵ ׿  ͹̳ ķ͸   
   ԷѴ:

         $ xhost +remote.machine.edu
         $ telnet remote.machine.eduo

  α     ԷѴ.

         remote:$ DISPLAY=local.linux.box:0.0
         remote:$ progname &

  (DISPLAY...,  setenv DISPLAY local.linux.box:0.0  Էؾ 
   ִ. ̴  Ʈ  ޷ִ.)

   !  progname  remote.machine.edu Ͽ
   ǻ ȭ鿡 Ÿ ̴.    ʹ  
  ؼ   ۾ Ϸ    ̴.    
  ۾  ҿϰ Ҿϴ.
  sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/mini/Remote-X-Apps
  <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/mini/Remote-X-Apps>  ִ ``Remote
  X Apps mini-HOWTO''  о.

  4.  丮 

  4.1.  丮:  

  DOSWin    ؼ ˾ƺҴ. ̹
  丮 ؼ ˾ƺ.  DOSWin Ʈ 丮 \,
   / ̴.  ϰ,  丮 DOSWin \ 
  еǰ  /  еȴ.     :

             DOS:    C:\PAPERS\GEOLOGY\MID_EOC.TEX
             Linux:  /home/guido/papers/geology/middle_eocene.tex

  Ϲ Ǵ ó  ..   丮, .   丮
  Ÿ.   ýۿ cd, rd, md Ѵٰ ؼ ƹ
    ִ  ƴ϶  ϶.  ڸ ý ڰ
   'home'̶ Ҹ 丮 ڱ ''  ִ.  
    PC  Ȩ 丮 /home/guido ̴.

  4.2.  丮 permission

  丮  permission ִ. "permission " ǿ 
  ͵ 丮 شȴ(, ׷, Ÿ).  丮 ؼ
  rx  丮 cd    w  丮 ִ ( 
   permission )̳  丮 ü   ִٴ 
  ǹѴ.   , ٸ ڰ /home/guido/text  ϰ
  Ϸ   ϸ ȴ:

         $ chmod o-rwx /home/guido/text

  4.3.  丮

  ɾ 

    DIR:            ls, find, du
    CD:             cd, pwd
    MD:             mkdir
    RD:             rmdir
    DELTREE:        rm -rf
    MOVE:           mv

  4.3.1.  

         DOS                                      Linux
         ---------------------------------------------------------------------

         C:\GUIDO>DIR                                            $ ls
         C:\GUIDO>DIR FILE.TXT                   $ ls file.txt
         C:\GUIDO>DIR *.H *.C                    $ ls *.h *.c
         C:\GUIDO>DIR/P                                          $ ls | more
         C:\GUIDO>DIR/A                                          $ ls -l
         C:\GUIDO>DIR *.TMP /S                           $ find / -name "*.tmp"
         C:\GUIDO>CD                                             $ pwd
                 n/a - see note                           $ cd
                 ditto                                    $ cd ~
                 ditto                                    $ cd ~/temp
         C:\GUIDO>CD \OTHER                             $ cd /other
         C:\GUIDO>CD ..\TEMP\TRASH             $ cd ../temp/trash
         C:\GUIDO>MD NEWPROGS                            $ mkdir newprogs
         C:\GUIDO>MOVE PROG ..                           $ mv prog ..
         C:\GUIDO>MD \PROGS\TURBO              $ mkdir /progs/turbo
         C:\GUIDO>DELTREE TEMP\TRASH    $ rm -rf temp/trash
         C:\GUIDO>RD NEWPROGS                            $ rmdir newprogs
         C:\GUIDO>RD \PROGS\TURBO              $ rmdir /progs/turbo

   :

  o  rmdir    丮 ־ Ѵ.  丮 
     빰 Բ Ѳ Ϸ rm -rf Ѵ( 
     ڽ ˾Ƽ  )

  o  cd Ǵ cd ~  ڽ  ֵ ڽ Ȩ 丮
     ̵ش; cd ~/tmp /home/your_home/tmp ̵ش.

  o  cd -   cd   Ų.

  5.  ÷, ϵũ, Ÿ

   ġ ϴ  DOS İ     ִ.
      ȴ.

  5.1.  DOS  ̽ 

  κ   ǿ Mtools Ʈ  ִ.  ̴  ش
  ɾ   ְ ִ ε ٸ տ 'm' ٴ´.  
  mformat, mdir, mdel, mmd, Ÿ. ̵   ̸  
  ִµ  permission  ʴ´.  /etc/mtools.conf 
   Ͽ Mtools   ִµ( ǿ   ִ)
  DOS/Win Ƽǰ CD--ROM, Zip ̺굵 ׼  ִ.  
  ũ ϴ  mformat δ  ȴ.   Ʈ 
    ؾ Ѵ. fdformat /dev/fd0H1440.

  less a:file.txt    ÷ǿ ִ  ׼ 
   .  ̴ DOS  ũ ׼  ̴.

  5.2.  н  ̽ 

  н ٸ  ̽ Ѵ. н A: Ǵ
  C:   иǾ  ʴ.  ÷ǵ  ϳ ũ
  "mounting"̶ ۷̼ ؼ   ý Ϻΰ ȴ.
  ũ   ϱ   "unmount" Ѿ Ѵ.
  ũ  ϴ Ͱ    ý  
   ̴.   ɾ 'FORMAT A:'   Ѳ Ѵ.
      óѴ.  ÷ ˿
  ؼ  ϰ;  ý     ϸ
  ȴ.
         # mkfs -t ext2 -c /dev/fd0H1440

  ext2  , vfat(õ) Ǵ      ִ.
  ũ غ    ؼ Ʈ Ѵ.

         # mount -t ext2 /dev/fd0 /mnt

   ext2    ش  ý ϸ ȴ.
   A: B:  /mnt ؼ ÷ǿ ִ ϵ 巹 
   ְ Ǿ.

  :

         DOS                                     Linux
         ---------------------------------------------------------------------

         C:\GUIDO>DIR A:                         $ ls /mnt
         C:\GUIDO>COPY A:*.*                     $ cp /mnt/* .
         C:\GUIDO>COPY *.ZIP A:                  $ cp *.zip /mnt
         C:\GUIDO>EDIT A:FILE.TXT                $ jstar /mnt/file.txt
         C:\GUIDO>A:                             $ cd /mnt
         A:> _                                   /mnt/$ _

  ۾ ģ  ũ     ؼ 𸶿Ʈ
  Ѿ Ѵ.

         # umount /mnt

  ̹ ϴ ũ ƴ϶ ˵  ũ fdformat mkfs
  ؾ  ̴.  B: ̺긦 ϰ   
  fd0H1440 fd0  fd1H1440 fd1 ϸ ȴ.

  ÷ǿ Ǵ  ٸ ̽   ʿ䵵 .
   , ϵũ CD--ROM ̺긦 ߰ Ʈ ϰ ʹٰ
  . CD--ROM   Ʈ Ѵ.

         # mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt

    ũ Ʈ ϴ "" ̾.  
  ϴ Ʈ ִ.  ÷ǳ CD--ROM Ʈ ϱ ؼ Ʈ
  Ǿ ϴ    ̹Ƿ   ϸ  ڵ
  װ͵ Ʈ   ִ.

  o       Ʈ α Ͽ   Ѵ:

         # mkdir /mnt/floppy ; mkdir /mnt/cdrom
         # chmod 777 /mnt/floppy /mnt/cd*
         # # make sure that the CD-ROM device is right
         # chmod 666 /dev/hdb ; chmod 666 /dev/fd*

  o       /etc/fstab   ߰Ѵ.

         /dev/cdrom      /mnt/cdrom  iso9660 ro,user,noauto          0       0
         /dev/fd0        /mnt/floppy vfat    user,noauto             0       0

    ÷ǳ CD--ROM    Ʈ Ѵ:

         $ mount /mnt/floppy
         $ mount /mnt/cdrom

    ڰ /mnt/floppy /mnt/cdrom   ְ Ǿ.
  ̷  ؼ  ڿ ũ Ʈ ϴ  
  ü迡   ̶   .

  Ʈ   ýۿ    df ش 丮 
  뷮 ؼ ˷ִ du dirname     ˾Ƶθ ϴ.

  5.3.  

    Ű  Ƽ   ϴµ ּ
  (Ʈμ):

         # tar -M -cvf /dev/fd0H1440 dir_to_backup/

  ݵ ̺꿡 ˵ ÷ǰ  ־ ϸ ߰  
   ξ Ѵ.    ù° ÷Ǹ ̺꿡 ְ
   ԷѴ.

         # tar -M -xpvf /dev/fd0H1440

  6.   ?

  쿡 شǴ  ٷ ׷ ý X  ý̴.
  MS쳪 ư ޸ X11  ̳  ο  
  ƴ϶  н ̼ǿ ׷  ϵ 
  Ǿִ.

  ֿ   .

  o  MS         ݸ, X11
     ׷ ʴ:   ڰ   ִ.  X11 ü 
      " Ŵ" ٽ Ʈ ؼ µ
     ⿡   ִ ͵   ִ.  ⺻ 
     ޸ ȿ fvwm ؼ fvwm2-95, Afterstep, WindowMaker,
     Enlightenment,  ۿ   ִ.  w.m. Ϲ
     .xinitrc  ҷ  ִ.

  o  w.m. â 쿡 ۵ϴ ó   ִ.  
     콺 Ŭ   ׶尡 ǵ.  ٸ   ִ
     δ 콺 ش â ("Ŀ") Ǿ  ׶尡
     ǰ ϴ ̴.  , ȭ鿡 â ġ ڵ Ǵ ȭ
       ִ.  α׷  ̻  Ÿ װ
     Ÿ   ҿ  Ŭϸ ȴ.

  o  ϳ Ǵ     ν κ ɵ ڽ
     ϴ    ִ.  w.m. Ũ̼ о. 
      .fvwmrc, .fvwm2rc95, .steprc, ̴.     
     /etc/X11/window-manager-name/system.window-manager-name;  
     ִ.

  o  X11 ø̼ǵ Ư ̺귯("widget sets") Ͽ
     .   Ʈ   Ƿ ø̼ǵ  
     ٸ.  ⺻  Athena widget(2--D ; xdvi, xman,
     xcalc) ϴ ͵̴.   ۿ Motif (netscape) ϴ
     ͵ ְ  Tcl/Tk, XForms, Qt, Gtk  ϴ ͵ ִ.
     ׷  ̺귯  ó    
     Ѵ.
  o  길    ִ.  , 콺 Ͽ ؽƮ 
        <BACKSPACE>  Ƹ   ü ⸦
      ̴. Athena  ÿ ׷ ۵ ʴ´.
      ٸ  Ʈ  Ϳ ü ׷ ۵Ѵ.

  o  ũѹٿ â ũ    w.m.  Ʈ ޷ִ.  :
     ũѹٰ ϴ ó ൿ   ߳  
     ߸  .

  o  ø̼  Ʈ ־  ƴϴ.  ִ
     ͵鵵 .  κ w.m. ũž("Ʈ â") Ŭν
     ȣǴ ޴   ִ.   ޴    
     ̴. Ʈ â  ٲٷ xsetrotǴ xloadimage
     ϸ ȴ.

  o  Ŭ ؽƮ شǸ ̻ϰ ۵Ѵ. ϴ ؽƮ
     ϸ, ̹ ڵ Ŭ忡 ȴ.  ƹγ 
      ư  ٿ ֱⰡ ȴ.  xclipboard Ҹ
     ø̼ ִµ  Ŭ ۸ Ѵ.

  o  巢ص ɼ X11 ø̼ǰ 巢ص ϴ
     w.m. ؾ߸ ȴ.

     ޸𸮸 ϱ ؼ  ̺귯 ϴ
     ø̼ ϴ   δ  ƴ.

  X11 ó    ۵ϰ   ǥ
  ϴ Ʈ ִ.  Gnome,  www.gnome.org <http://www.gnome.org>
  and KDE,  www.kde.org <http://www.kde.org>,  Ǹϴ.  ѹ
  غ.  ũž  ̻ ׸  ̴.

  7.  ⿡  ý ߱

  7.1.  ý ġ ϵ

   ߿ 2 Ϸ AUTOEXEC.BAT CONFIG.SYS ִ.  ̵
  Ʈ   ý ʱ ϰ, PAHT FILES   
  ȯ溯 ϸ α׷̳ ġ  õϱ⵵ Ѵ. 
  ʱ         ͵   ˱
   ǵ帮 ʴ  .  ·ų  ߿ ͵鿡 ؼ
  ˷ְڴ.

          FILES                                   NOTES
          /etc/inittab                             ǵ帮  !
          /etc/rc.d/*                             

  PATH   ȯ  ϰų α ޽ ϰų
  α ڿ ڵ α׷ õǴ  ʿ  
  ϵ 캻.

          FILES                                   NOTES
          /etc/issue                              α  ޽ 
          /etc/motd                               α  ޽ 
          /etc/profile                            $PATH     
          /etc/bashrc                             alias Լ  
          /home/your_home/.bashrc         ڽ alias Լ         /home/your_home/.bash_profile Ǵ
          /home/your_home/.profile                ȯ  α׷ õ

   (  ƴ ) ϸ α Ŀ  
    ̴.

  --- .bash_profile .

  ______________________________________________________________________
  #  ڸƮ̴.
  echo Environment;  printenv | less      #  ɾ Ʈ شȴ
  alias d='ls -l' # alias      ̴
  alias up='cd ..'
  echo "δ"$PATH  echo "̴"
  echo " 'date'̴" # 'date'   Ѵ
  echo "  Ϸ, " $LOGHAME
  #  " "̴
  ctgz() # .tar.gz ī̺  ش
  {
          for file in $*
          do
                  gzip -dc $(file) | tar tf -
          done
  }
    # .profile 
  ______________________________________________________________________

  $PATH $LOGNAME    ֵ ȯ ̴.  ۿ ǵ帱
   ִ ȯ溯   ִ.  less bash  ø̼ 
  RMP  ̴.

    /etc/profile ߰ϸ PROMPT $P$G   ȿ
  Ѵ.

          export PS1="\w\\$"

  7.2.  α׷ ʱ  

     ͵ ʿ  ϴ    ִ.
  κ α׷ ϳ Ǵ  ̻   ʱ  
   ִ.  ̵ Ȩ 丮 .prognamerc · ϴ 찡
  .   ϰ ;  ͵  .

  o  .inputrc: bash ϴ Ϸ Ű ε Ѵ.

  o  .xinitrc: startx ϴ Ϸ X  ý ʱ Ѵ.

  o  .fvwmrc:  Ŵ fvwm Ѵ.

  o  .joerc, .jstarrc:  joe Ѵ.

  o  .jedrc:  jed Ѵ.

  o  .pinerc:   pine Ѵ.

  o  .Xdefault:  X α׷ Ѵ.

     ͵   ͵  ̴.  RMP.  Ͽ
  sunsite.unc.edu/mdw/HOWTO/Config-HOWTO.html
  <http://sunsite.unc.edu/mdw/HOWTO/Config-HOWTO.html>?  о 
     ִ.

  8.  Ʈŷ 

   "ȭ  Ʈŷ" ϱ⸸   ƴ϶ ξ 
  ̰ .  ̸ ٷ "PPP"μ  ̿ؼ ͳݿ
  Ǵµ ϴ ̴.  ̸ ؼ PPP ϴ Ŀΰ
  ȭ ɰ ϴ  ʿϴ.

  ͳ     ϱ ؼ POP
   ϸ "email fetcher ̸ ű" Ҹ 
  ʿϴ.    ڽ ޵  ״ Ÿ.
  ׷ pine̳ mutt, elm    MUA(Mail User Agent)
  ؼ ϸ ȴ.

   ͳ ø̼ õϸ ڵ ̾󷯰
  ҷ ݸ  ٸ  ؾ Ѵ.   ȭ 
   ø̼ õѴ. diald Ҹ  ൿ 
  ̴.  ȭ  Ʈŷ ġϰ ϴ  
    ۾  ϳ  ׷ ʴ.  Configuration
  HOWTO ϶.

   "Network neighborhoo" ؼ   ϰڴ.  
  ̼ Windows NT/9X  Ʈ ִ  ӽó
  ̰   ִ!  ٷ Samba ϸ ȴ.  Samba 
    й  ƴ϶  SMB ̴.
  samba.anu.edu.au/samba <http://samba.anu.edu.au/samba> .

  9.  ణ α׷

  9.1.   ũƮ:   .BAT 

    ϰ  ؼ .BAT غ  ( 
  ), profile̳ .bash_profile  alias  ν 
     ִ.      .BAT ؼ 
    ũƮ    ̴.  ٷ  QBasic
    ϳ. ⿣  while, for, case if... then... else
   Ͽ   ɵ ִ: '¥' α׷  
     ִ ̴.

  ũƮ--- .BAT Ͽ شϴ --- ۼϴ  
  νƮǵ  ǥ ASCII  ۼ  ϰ chmod +x
  <ũƮ> Ͽ  ϰ ָ ȴ. ϴ 
  ̸ Էϸ ȴ.

     Ѱ. vi Ҹ ý Ⱑ ִµ  迡 ϸ
  ó ϴ  ſ Ѵ.  vi   ؼ
   ʰڴ. Matt Welsh å̳ ͳݿ  ãƺ 
  Ѵ.  ⼭   ͵ ϴ    .

  o  ؽƮ Ϸ i  ؽƮ ԷѴ.

  o  ڸ  <ESC>   x ;

  o   ʰ vi Ϸ <ESC>   :q! .

  o  ϰ Ϸ<ESC>   :wq. .

     ʺڸ    joe̴: jstar Էؼ joe
     ϸ DOSWin    Ű ε   ִ.
     WordStar jed Ǵ IDE  . "Where to Find
     Applicaions" ϸ 𿡼 ̵ ⸦   ִ
     ִ.

  bash ũƮ ۼϴ  ſ ū ̱  
  üε å   ȴ. ׷    ʰڴ.  
  ⺻ Ģ   ִ  ũƮ    ְڴ:

  ______________________________________________________________________

  #!/bin/sh
  # sample.sh
  #  ڸƮ(ּ)
  # ù°  ٲ   ű⿡ ־ 
  echo " ý: 'uname -a'" #   
  echo " ̸ $0" #  
  echo "  ־ $# Ű: "$*
  echo "ù ° Ű: "$1
  echo -n "̸?" ; read your_name
  echo   : "ȳ $your_name" # " ο빮 ֱ
  echo   : 'ȳ $your_name' # ' ο빮 ֱ
  DIRS=0 ; FILES=0
  for file in 'ls .' ; do
          if [ -d ${file} ] ; then # file 丮
                  DIRS='exr $DIRS + 1' # DIRS = DIRS + 1
          elif [ -f ${file} ] ; then
                  FILES='expr $FILES +1'
          fi      case ${file} in
                  *.gif|*jpg) echo "${file}: graphic file" ;;
                  *.txt|*.tex) echo "${file}: text file" ;;
                  *.c|*.f|*.for) echo "${file}: source file" ;;
                  *) echo "${file}: genric file" ;;
          esac
  done
  echo " ${DIRS} 丮 ${FILES} Ѵ"
  ls | grep "ZxY--!!!WKW"
  if [ $? != 0 ] ; then #  ڵ 
  echo "ZxY--!!!WKW  ã"
  fi
  echo "̻... ߰  ʿϸ 'man bash' Է ."
  ______________________________________________________________________

  9.2.  C ȥ 

  н  Ȱ ý  C.  ٸ (Java,
  FORTRAN, Pascal, Lisp, Basic, Perl awk...)   ִ.

  C ȴٴ  ϰ ͺ C++  뿡   
   ̵带   ˷ְڴ.   C Ϸ gcc Ҹ
  DOS 뿡 ִ    ֽ .  ٽ ؼ IDE, ¶
  , յ   . ׳ ģ  Ϸ ̸
   ϰ ȿ̴.     ǥ hello.c 
  Ϸ   ԷѴ.

          $ gcc hello.c

  ׷    a.out .   Ͽ ٸ ̸
  ַ   ԷѴ.

          $ gcc -o hola hello.c

  α׷ ̺귯 ũϷ -l<libname> ġ ̸ ȴ.
   , math ̺귯 ũϷ   Ѵ:

          $ gcc -o mathprog mathprog.c -lm

  ( -l<libname> ġ gcc Ͽ ̺귯 /usr/lib/lib<libname>
   ũϰ .  so; so -lm /usr/lib/libm.so ũѴ).

   ο.  α׷   ҽ Ϸ
    ƿƼ make ؾ ȴ.  ǥ ؼ⸦
  ۼߴٰ .   ҽ  parser.c  θ parser.h
  calc.c     #include Ų.  ׷  calc.c ϴ
  α׷ parser.c ִ ƾ ϰ ʹٰ .  ׷
   parser.h #include ȴ. 󸶳 Ѱ! calc.c 
  Ϸ  ؾ Ѵ ΰ?

   Makefile̶ Ǯ  ۼؾ Ѵ. ̴ Ϸ
  ҽ ü ϵ Ӽ ˷ش.

  :

  ______________________________________________________________________
  # ̰ Makefile calc.c  ϴµ ȴ.
  # õ  <TAB> Ű !

  calc: calc.o parser.o
  <TAB>gcc -o calc calc.o parser.o -lm
  # calc    ü Ͽ Ѵ:

  calc.o, parser.ocalc.o: calc.c parser.h
  <TAB>gcc -c calc.c
  # calc.o  ҽ Ͽ Ѵ

  parser.o: parser.c parser.h xh.h
  <TAB>gcc -c parser.c
  # parser.o   ҽ Ͽ Ѵ.

  # Makefile 
  ______________________________________________________________________

    Makefile ϰ make ԷϿ α׷  Ѵ.
  ٸ  calc.mak   make -f calc.mak  ԷѴ.
  RMP θ  ʿ䵵 .    ϸ man   3 ִ
  C ɿ  ణ  ҷ  ִ.

          $ man 3 printf

  α׷ Ϸ gdb Ѵ. gdb  ˰ 
  info gdb ԷѴ.    ̺귯  ִ.   
   ϰ   ncurse(ؽƮ  ȿ) svgalib(ܼ
  ׷Ƚ) ̴. ѹ ϰ X11 α׷ غ
  (׷   ƴϴ) X11 α׷   ϵ
  ִ ̺귯  ִ.  Gtk  ǥ Ǿ
  ִٴ  ο ΰ  www.xnet.com/~blatura/linapp6.html
  <http://www.xnet.com/~blatura/linapp6.html> 캸.

   ͵ IDE    ִ.   emacs jed ִµ
  ý ̶Ʈ, ڵ 鿩   ִ.  ٸ δ
  sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/devel/debuggers/
  <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/devel/debuggers/>  rhide
  Ű ´.  ̰ Borland IDE Ŭ Ƹ  ̴.

  10.   1%

   1% ̴̻.

  10.1.  tar gzip 

  н ϵ ѵ  ϴµ θ Ǵ
  ø̼ ִ.  tar ϵ ѵ µ Ѵ---tar
  ġ PKZIP̳ Winzip     Ͱ , ϵ ѵ
   ɸ Ѵ. ο      ԷѴ.

          $ tar =cvf <archivve_name.tar> <file> [file...]

   Ϸκ  Ϸ:

          $ tar -xpvf <archive_name.tar> [file...]

     :

          $ tar -tf <archive_name.tar> | less

  compress ϸ    ִ.  compress  ѹ
    ̻  Ƿ qzip ؾ Ѵ.

          $ compress <file>
          $ gzip <file>

  ̷ ϸ Ȯڰ .Z (compress  )̳ .gz
  (gzip  ) .   α׷ ѹ ϳ
  ϸ   ִ.    :

          $ compress -d <file.Z>
          $ gzip -d <file.gz>

  RMP.

  10.2.  ø̼ ġ

    : Ű ġϴ  Ʈ ۾̴. κ 
  ø̼ .tar.gz ī̺ · ȴ.   ī̺꿡 
   ̸ 丮    ӿ   ̸ ϰ
  丮  ִ.  ̷ Ű ġϴ  ü
  /usr/local     

          # tar -zxf <archive.tar.gz>

    README INSTALL   ȴ. κ 
  ø̼ ҽ Ǿ  Ѿ Ѵ.  make Է 
  make install Էϸ  찡 ϴ. gcc g++ Ϸ
  ־ ϴ  ̴.

  /  Ǯ ϴ ī̺굵 ִ. Slackware .tgz ī̺갡 ̷
  .  丮  ϸ  ̴ ī̺굵 ִ - ̷
   ϵ   ʵ ؾ Ѵ!  ġϱ  ׻
  빰 Ȯغ  .

  Ȱ   .deb .rpm ü ī̺   ִ.
  .rpm  α⸦  ִµ rpm Ű ġϷ  
  Էϸ ȴ.

          # rpm -i package.rpm

  10.3.   ˾ ξ  

     齺ũ:
        <SHIFT + PAG UP>    齺ũ   ִ.
          ڷ   ִ    ޸𸮿  ȴ.

     ȭ :
        Ǽ  Ͽ more cat  ϸ ȭ鿡 ʿ 
        ͵ .  ̸ ġ ȭ鿡 Ÿ ʴ ׳
        'reset' Էϰų echo CTRL-V ESC c RETURN ʴ 
        ȴ.

     ؽƮ ٿ ֱ:
        ֿܼ Ʒ ;X  x͹̳ â ִ ؽƮ
        Ϸ Ŭ  巡ϰ, ٿ ֱ 
        ư(Ǵ 2ư 콺 ϰ ִٸ   ư
        ÿ)  ȴ.  xclipboard ִ( ؽƮ
        ۵);     ȥ ʵ.

     콺 :
        ֿܼ 콺 ̹ gpm ġߴٸ Ŭ+巡׷ ؽƮ
        ϰ  Ŭ õ ؽƮ ٿ ֱ   ִ.
         ٸ VC     ִ.

  10.4.  ø̼ ã

   ؿ   DOS/Win ø̼ǵ 
  ü  ִ ñ ̴.    Ʈ ҵ
    Ѵ.  sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux
  <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux>, tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux
  <ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux>, ftp.funet.fi/pub/Linux
  <ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/Linux>.   ۿ "Linux Applications and
  Utilities Page" www.xnet.com/~blatura/linapps.shtml
  <http://www.xnet.com/~blatura/linapps.shtml>  "" 
  www.linux.org <http://www.linux.org> ãƺ ͵ .

  10.5.       ͵

  DOS/Windows ۾ ų ưų  Ұ 
  ۾  ϴ.    Ŀ ︸  
  Ұغڴ.

     at  Ư ð  α׷ ǵ Ѵ.

     awk
           ϴ   .  
        data.dat Ƽ ʵ  ̶ .

        $ awk '$2   "abc" {print $1, "\t", $4}' data.dat

          data.dat ִ     ° ʵ忡 "abc" 
        ִ  1 4 ʵ带 ƮѴ.

     cron
         Ư  Ư ð ֱ ʿ ۾  ִ.
        man 5 crontab Էغ.

     file
        <filename> filename  ˷ش(ASCII ؽƮ, ,
        ī̺ );

     find
          ϰ    ϳ̴( "Directories:
        Translating Commands"  ϶).  ̴ ش ڸ 
         ãų  Ͽ   ϴµ Ѵ. find
        Ϲ   .

        $ find <directory> <expression>

        ⿡ <expression> ˻ Թ ൿ Եȴ. :

        $ find . -type l -exec ls -l {} \;

           symbolic link ãƼ װ ϴ 
         ش.

        $ find / -name "*.old" -ok rm {} \;

           Ͽ شǴ   ãƼ ſ
         䱸  .

        $ find . -perm +111

          permission 111()   ã´.

        $ find . -user root

          root ϴ   ã´.    
        ɼ ִ---RMP.

     grep
            ؽƮ  ã´.  ,

        $ grep -l "geology" *.tex

          'geology' ܾ  ִ *.tex ϵ
        Ѵ.    zgrep gzip  Ͽ ȴ.
        RMP;

        Ϲ ǥ ſ  ؽƮ ˻ ۾ ϴ
          ϴ.    ^a[^a-m]X{4,}txt$ 'a'
        ϰ  ڿ a-m ̿  ʴ ڷ ϰ 
        ڿ 'X' 4 ̻  txt   ã´.  less
          ⸦ Ͽ ٸ  ø̼ǿ Ϲ
        ǥ Ѵ.  man grep Ͽ  о.

     script
        <script_file>     ȭ 
        script_file  Ѵ.    ϴ.

     sudo
         root ۾  Ϻθ ڵ   ְ ش(,
        ũ ˰ ; RMP)

     uname -a
         ýۿ   ˷ش.

     zcat zless
         gzip  ϵ  ʰ ¡ϰ
        ϴµ ϴ.

   : $ zless textfile.gz $ zcat textfile.gz | lpr

   ɵ鵵    .  bc, cal, chsh, cmp, cut, fmt,
  head, hxdump, nl, passwd, printf, sort, split, strings, tac, tail, tee
  touch, uniq, w, wall, wc, whereis, write, xargs, znew. RMP.

  10.6.  DOS/Windows н 

  ϰų ų, DOS/Windows н  ȯ ϴ Ǹ
    ִ.    ϳ Djgpp Ʈ DOS (
  www.delorie.com/djgpp <http://www.delorie.com/djgpp>) Win32 Cygnus
  (  www.cygnus.com <http://www.cygnus.com>).  Cygnus  
  ̴.   ó GNU  ƿƼ  ִ.  
       .

       Djgpp غ.  ϵ
  ޾Ƽ ġغ.  (   ִ   ֽ 
  2.02̴): djdev202.zip, bnu281b.zip, bsh1147b.zip, fil316b.zip,
  find41b.zip, grep22b.zip, gwk303b.zip, lss332b.zip, shl112b.zip.. ġ
   Ǿ  <news:comp.os.msdos.djgpp>    
  ִ.

  Ư DOSWin bash ϸ ŭ   ̴.  
  Ϸ Բ Ǵ BOOT.BAT Ͽ ڽ ġ ° ģ.
  ׷   ϵ Ȩ 丮(Windows Ƽ)  ͵ 
  ִ´.

  ______________________________________________________________________
          # ̰ _bashrc 
          LS_OPTIONS="-F -s --color=yes"
          alias cp='cp -i'
          alias d='ls -l'
          alias l=less
          alias ls="ls $LS_OPTIONS"
          alias mv='mv -i'        alias rm='rm -i'
          alias u='cd ..'

  # ̰ _bprof ̴
  if [ -f ~/_bashrc ]; then
          .~/_bashrc
  fi
  PS1='\w\$
  # less(1)  ͵
  LESS="-M-Q"                 #  Ʈ, ħ
  LESSEDIT="%E ?lt+%lt. %f"   #  ù   
  VISUAL="jed"                        # 
  LESSCHARSET=latin1              #  ڵ ðȭ
  export PS1 PS2 CDPATH LS_OPTIONS LESS LESSEDIT LESSOPEN VISUAL LESSCHARSET
  ______________________________________________________________________

  10.7.  Ϲ ϴ Ȯڿ  α׷

    Ȯڵ   ̴.   ͵(, Ʈ )
  ϰ   Ǵ ͵  Ҵ.

     1 ... 8: man . groff -Tascii -man <file.1> Ͽ
     о.

     arj:
        arj  ī̺.

     dvi:
        TeX    (Ʒ ). xdvi ϸ ðȭ  
        ִ.  dvips PostScript  .ps Ϸ ٲپش.

     gz:
        gzip  ī̺

     info:
        info  (man   ġǰ).  ´.

     lsm:
        Linux Software Map .  ASCII Ϸ Ű 
          ִ.

     ps:
        ƮũƮ .   ų μϷ gs  ʿ
         ƴ ghostview gv Ѵ.

     rpm:
        Red Hat Ű. Ű Ŵ rpm Ͽ  ýۿ
        ġ  ִ.

     taz, tar.Z:
        tar ѵ  compress  ī̺

     tgz, tar.gz:
        tar ѵ  gzip  ī̺

     tex:
          ý TeX  ؽƮ .  
         ִ tex Ű ؼ .

     texi:
        texinfo . TeX info     ִ.(info ).
        texinfo ؼ Ѵ.o      xbm, xpm, xwd: ׷ 

     Z: compress  ī̺

  10.8.   ȯ

  DOS/Win  ̿ ؽƮ ϵ ȯ ʿ䰡  "end of
  line"  ؾ Ѵ.  DOS ؽƮ   CR/LF(
  ASCII13 + ASCII 10)   LF .  DOS ؽƮ
    ϸ   ̻ M   ڷ 
  ɼ .   ؽƮ  DOS    
     ϳ  Ÿ.      ȯ
  ϴ  dos2unix unix2dos   ִ.

  ؽƮθ  Ͽ  ڰ  ִٸ  DOS ƴ϶
  Windows(Notepad)   Ȯ϶.  ׷  
   ڵ   ̴.

  Word WordPerfec  Ϲ ؽƮ ȯϴ    ٷ
  ϴ.  ̸ ؼ CTAN Ʈ ߰  ִ  ʿϴ.
    ϳ ftp.tex.ac.uk <ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk> ̴.
  /pub/tex/tools/ 丮 word2x α׷ ްų
  /pub/tex/support/ 丮 ִ α׷  ϳ غ.  Ư
  word2x Word 6  ȯ ϴµ, Word 97  ȯ ؼ
  HTML ȯϴ mswordview (
  www.csn.ul.ie/~caolan/docs/MSWordView.html
  <http://www.csn.ul.ie/~caolan/docs/MSWordView.html>) ʿϴ.

  10.9.   ǽ Ʈ

   ȯ   ʴٸ ũμƮ ǽ 
  Ű   ִ.

  StarOffice Ʈ   ̴.  Ʈ ũ ӵ 
     .  ũμƮ ǽ  ɵ鵵 
  ȴ.   ȯ ׻ Ϻ  ƴ Word Excel ϵ
  а   ִ.  Ȩ :   www.stardivision.com
  <http://www.stardivision.com>.

  11.  ϴ 

  Ѵ!  н   ۾ غ Ǿ.  
  ýۿ    ϰ ϰ Ϸ  
  ʿϴٴ   .   ʿ   ø̼
  ܶ ġϿ װ ۾ϴ ͻ̶ ⿡ Ұ ͸ε
  ϴ.

           ̶
  ȮѴ. ׷   ϱ.   DOSWin!  
  ư  Ѵ.       ̶  
  ϰ ׵鿡   񽺰 Ǿ  Ѵ.

  11.1.  ۱

  Ư õ    Ͽ  ۾̿ ۱
  ͼӵȴ.   Ͽ   ۱ ð  ǿ
  Ǵ    Ǵ  ü · ü Ǵ κ
  ǰ   ִ.   Ǹ ȴ. 
  ׷  ڿ ˷ ڴ.

   , Ļ  Ǵ ٸ  Ͽ   
    ۱ ÿ ؼ ȣ ޾ƾ Ѵ.  , Ͽ
  κ Ļ   װ  ؼ ߰ 
    .  ̷ Ģ  ܴ Ư 쿡  
  ִ. Ʒ ּ Ͽ  åڿ ϶.   ؼ,
  츮      θ ؼ ޵Ǳ ٶ.
  , Ͽ ŨƮ  ۱ ϰ HOWTO  
   뺸 ޾ ڴ.

       Ͽ  å Tim Bynum
  ̸linux-howto@sunsite.unc.edu <mailto:linux-
  howto@sunsite.unc.edu> ϶.

  11.2.  

  "From DOS to Linux HOWTO" Guido
  GonzatoREMOVE_MEguido@ibogeo.df.unibo.it
  <mailto:REMOVE_MEguido@ibogeo.df.unibo.it>, .  ("REMOVE_ME"
   .) "Linux Installation and Getting  Started"  Matt
  Welsh, "Linux frequently asked  questions with answers"  Ian
  Jackson, "Linux"  Giuseppe Zanetti,  ̸Ϸ 
     ׸ Ư 츮   Linus Torvalds
  GNU Ѵ.

    "ִ ״ ·" ȴ.  ɷ ݴ  Ȯϰ
     ￴  ִ  ϴ  
  å Ͽ ̴.     ߻ϴ  ؿ ؼ
   å .
  Feedback ׻ ȯ̴. 䱸 , Ȥ Ҹ   
     ϶.    ñ...Guido   =8-0

