
/  

 Guido Gonzato, <guido@ibogeo.df.unibo.it>

 1.3.21 99 2 22

 :    (songsookim@yahoo.com)

   Ͽ  н Ŭ(ǰ)  ȯϷ 
   / ڵ(  '' ľ )
   ̴.    ڰ  ִ   
   ȯ ȯ Ӹ ƴ϶  OS ϰ   ҽ
  ְ ޴µ Ʈ ϴ ̴.
___________________________________________________




1. Ұ
	1.1  ſ Ѱ?  1.2 .   ̾߱شٿ.
	1.2.1   1.2.2   1.3 conventions

2.     

3. bash 

4. ϰ α׷
	4.1  :   4.2 Symbolic Links 4.3 ۹̼(permission)
	 4.4  : ɾ  4.4.1  4.5 α׷  :
	Ƽ½ŷ( ۾)  4.6 Ʈ ǻͿ α׷
	ϱ

5. 丮 
	5.1 丮 :   5.2 丮 : ۹̼ 5.3 丮 :
	  5.3.1 

6. ÷, ϵ ũ 
	6.1  ̽  6.2 н  ̽  6.3 

7. ׷ ?

8. ⿡  ý ߱
	8.1 ý ʱȭ ϵ	8.2 α׷ ʱȭ ϵ

9. Ʈŷ : 

10.  α׷
	10.1  ũƮ :   .BAT  10.2 ȥڼ  C

11.  1%
	11.1 tar gzip  11.2 α׷ ġϱ 11.3 ʼ 
	11.4 α׷   11.5      ͵
	11.6 / ȯ濡 н  11.7 Ϲ Ȯڿ
	 α׷ 11.8  ȯ 11.9  ǽ Ʈ

12. ϴ 
	12.1 ۱ 12.2 Disclaimer
_________________________________________________________________



1. Ұ


1.1.  ſ Ѱ?

( ) 迡  ٲٰ ?  ߴ: 
 , 9x  NT  ξ Ǹϴ. 
ſԴ    ִٴ   . /
 ̿ Ŀٶ  ִ:

o 쿡 ũμƮ ǽ   ų  ִ;
ġ    νĵȴ;  Ҿϴ;  ;
ɽϸ ý ״´.  o  Ÿǽ  ũ
Ʈ ׸    Ǵ  ų  ִ; ġ 
  ִ; ó ̴;      ִ;
ý ״  ſ ſ 幰.

 ʿ  ڽſ ޷ִ.    ش. 
 Ŀ    ְ Ǳ  ð 鿩 θ ؾ
Ѵ. ׷Ƿ ʿ α׷ ü  α׷  Ǵ ο
ɾ       ˾  ̴.  
Թڵ ʱ   Ѵٴ   .

 ϱ⿡    ʿϴ.  
 а     ϱ  ɼ 븦 
.  İ    Ѵ.  
ùٸ ڶ  ؼ  ǻ  踦 ߰ϰ
 ̴. ׷,  + /   ǻͿ ູϰ 
 ִ.

  ͵ ̹ ߰ ־ Ѵ.

o ⺻  ɾ  Ѵ;

o  ׸ ϸ X  ý (ٿ X11) PC 
ġǾ ִ;

o (command.com شϴ ) bash Ѵ.

Ư     ִ     
ܳ ̴. 쿡   濡 ηִ.  н
͸ 䳻 ʹ ޸    ٸ.׸
   Թ ƴϰ  Ǹ   OK ̵ϵ
ƴ϶  ϶!  ֽ   ҿ  
   ִ. <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/docs/howto>
ѱ <http://www.kldp.org>


1.2 .   ̾߱ شٿ.

 PC  ʿ α׷ ġϿ. ڽſ
  ο װ    ̴.  ̸
йȣ Էϰ ȭ Ĵٺ鼭: '   ?' ϰ ϰ
 ̴. , Ǹ .   /  ϴ ͵
̰   ξ   ϵ  غ Ǿ ִ.  
/츦 ٸ   ϵ  ̴;

o α׷   , , , , μ,  ̸ ;

o 丮 CD, MD, RD, DIR  

o ÷ ˰  ̸ ϱ;

o ý ٵ;

o ͳ ;

o  ϴ  .BAT ϰ α׷ ¥

o   1%

ݰԵ ̷ ۾     ̷
 ִ.   ڵ 100 Ѵ ɾ   ѵ
ڸ Ѵ:  ϸ     ִ.


1.2.1 ⺻ 

   ״   .   ϰ  
  Ѵ: 'root' α  ʴ  ý  ġ
 ̴.   ˾  :

o 켱  ϰ   ˾ƾ Ѵ. ؽƮ  ũ
̸ <CTRL-ALT-DEL> , ׸ ý õ 
ٷȴٰ PC ġ . X  ý ϰ ִٸ 
<CTRL-ALT-BACKSPACE>   <CTRL-ALT-DEL> . ׳ ġ
ų  ߸     Ѵ: ׷ٰ 
ý ĥ  ִ;

o  Ǵ ʹ ޸    Ŀ 
ִ. ϰ 丮 Permission(permission) ޷ ִ; 
̳ 丮 ߿ Ϲ ڴ    ͵ ִ;
('Permission ' κ ). ݸ   ϵũ
ִ     ϴ;

o 'root' Ҹ Ư ڰ ִ: װ ٷ ǻ  
   ִ    ý ڴ.  PC
ٷ  root  ̴. root ڰ ۾ϴ  ϴ:
/   Ǽ ýۿ ġ ջ ְų
ı  ִ.  ʿ 츦  rootμ ۾ ;

o    ٷ     ֱ ̴: ǻ
 ɰ  α׷ ϳ Ǵ    Ϸ ڽſ
° ٵ  ִ. Ŀ  밡  ϴ ̴:

o Redirection Piping  μ  
ξ  ϰ ߿ϴ.  ɵ ļ  ۾ 
  ֱ ̴. Redirection Piping      Ѵ.


1.2.2  

   پ    ִ.  ߿ :

o Ũ̼ д´ -- ̰ ʼ.   а ִ Ͽ
  Ұ   ְ  о  å   ִ:
 (Matt Welsh)  ġ ͼ(Linux Installation and
Getting Started)<http://sunsite.unc.edu/mdw/LDP/gs/gs.html>), 
׸ʵ(Larry Greenfield)   ̵(Linux User Guide)
<ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/linux-doc-project/users-guide>
׸  FAQ <http://sunsite.unc.edu/mdw/FAQ/Linux-FAQ.html>. ̵
    б  å ;

o ǻͿ ġ Ű  Documentation /usr/doc/ Ʒ ִ
찡 ;

o Shell ' ɵ'   ʿϸ 'help'  Էϰų
Ǵ     'man bash' Ǵ 'info bash'  ԷѴ;

o  ɿ   'man ɾ'  Էϸ  ɾ
Ŵ  ҷ´. ٸ δ 'info ɾ'  
Է  ִµ ش ɾ  info   ҷ´;
info ؽƮ  Documentation ý, ó  
ϱⰡ  ʴ.  'apropos ɾ' Ǵ 'whatis ɾ'
   ִ.   ɾ   'q'  ȴ.

o   ͳ ִ:    Ҵ
<news:comp.os.linux.setup>  ̴.   ʹ  
 ̸   ﰡ  ڴ.


1.3. Ϸα

  ü     : <...> ʼ
ƱԸƮ [...] ɼ ƱԸƮ.  :$ tar -tf <file.tar>
[> redir_file]file.tar ݵ õǾ ϸ redir_file
̷ ɼ̴."RMP"  ˰  Man  о
̴. Ũ̼ д Ϳ  ߿伺 ƹ ص ġ
ʴ. "DOSWin" "DOS/Winodws" ǹѴ.Ʈ # Ÿ ɾ
Ʈ ؼ   ִ.  ( ߰ :  ߿ Է ɾ
 찡 ֽϴ.  ƹ ǥð  д е Ǹ
Ͽ Ȧ ǥ ' '  ϴ. ' ' ӿ   ࿡
 Է  ǥմϴ.)


2.    ؼ

Ʈ ƿ ϰ ? Ʒ ̺ :

       DOS			Linux
       Notes
       ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

       ATTRIB (+-)attr file	chmod <mode> file
       ſ ٸ BACKUP			  tar -Mcvf device
       dir/		       CD dirname\		    cd dirname/
         syntax  COPY file1 file2		cp file1 file2
        DEL file			     rm file
            DELTREE dirname	     rm
       -R dirname/			     DIR
       ls				       syntax 
       ٸ DIR file /S			     find . -name file
        ٸ EDIT file			    vi file
          
					jstar file
					 Edit 
       EDLIN file			ed file
       Ű    FORMAT			fdformat,
					mount, umount
					 ٸ syntax
       HELP command		man command,
        ö
					info command
       MD dirname		mkdir dirname/
         syntax MORE < file		   less
       file				  ξ  MOVE file1
       file2	     mv file1 file2			      NUL
       /dev/null			        PRINT file
       lpr file				        PRN
       /dev/lp0,
					/dev/lp1
					
       RD dirname		rmdir dirname/
          syntax REN file1 file2		    mv file1
       file2			           RESTORE
       tar -Mxpvf device		       ٸ syntax TYPE file
       less file			       ξ  WIN
       startx				        ġ !


ɾ ̺        .



3. bash 
    ҽ :  bash  ʿ  ˾Ƽ Ÿ ְ 
      ɵ ֱ  Ÿ . 켱, ȭǥ
    ϸ   ҷ´;   ̻ ɵ ִ. <TAB>
    Ű   ̸ 丮 ̸ ϼش. ׷ 
     Ÿϸ


	$ ls /uTABloTABbTAB


Ʒó Ÿ ϴ  ȴ.


	$ ls /usr/local/bin


  ĺ ϴ ̳ 丮  


    $ ls /uTABloTABiTAB

 Էϸ bash /usr/local/info ǹϴ /usr/local/include
ǹϴ 𸣱  . ׷    ڸ ġ <TAB>
 ȴ.	 ٸ  Ű  <ESC-BACKSPACE> ִ. ̰
ʿ ִ ܾ ° . ݸ鿡 <ESC-D>  ʿ ִ
ܾ ; <ESC-F> Ŀ   ܾŭ ǳ ٰ ϰ
<ESC-B>   ܾ ŭ ǳ ٰ Ѵ. <ALT>Ű <ESC> Ű
ϰ ۵Ѵ.    μ   ϴ. ϴ  Ű鿡
ͼ DOS Ʈ  ϰ  ̴.



4. ϰ α׷


4.1  :  

 ϰ 丮  DOSWin  ſ ϴ. ϵ
 Ģ   ̸   丮 ӿ °,
Ϻδ  ϸ   ϵ κ  ġ 
ִ.  ϵī , ̷,    ִ. 
   :

o  DOS  ̸  8.3 ¸ ;  NOTENOUG.TXT
.       ִ. ext2 umsdos  
ý ؼ  ġߴٸ   ̸(ִ 255
ڱ)   ִ. ׸  ϳ ̻   ִ: 
This_is.a.VERY_long.filename . 빮ڿ ҹڸ    
: ...

o ̸̳ ɿ 빮ڿ ҹڴ ȴ. FILENAME.tar.gz
filename.tar.gz  ٸ ̴. ls ɾε LS  ɾ
;

o  ڵ    ̸    
ִ.  ̸ (̽)  (Ұ  ƴ
 ʴ  )  ̸     ǥ ѷξ
Ѵ. :


	$ #   "My old files" 丮  $ mkdir
	"My old files" $ ls    My old files    bin     tmp


׸ !*$&# ڵ   .

o  Ư Ȯڸ ǹ  ʾƵ ȴ.   
α׷̶ ݵ .COM̳ .EXE Ǵ ġ ̶ .BAT ؾ߸
ϴ  ƴϴ.   ϵ ls -F   ̸ 
ƽ׸ũ  '*' ǥõǾ Ÿ.  :


	$ ls -F I_am_a_dir/   cindy.jpg    cjpg*   letter_to_Joe
	my_1st_script*	old~


cjpg* ϰ my_1st_script*   ϵ 
α׷̴. DOS  ϵ .BAK  ݸ 
ƿ '~' .   ϴ   Ϸ ֵȴ. 
 .I.am.a.hidden.file  ls   ʴ´;

o  α׷ ġ(ɼ) '/ġ'  
Ѵ.  '-ġ' Ǵ '--ġ'   Ѵ. 
: dir /s ls -R  ȴ. PKZIP̳ ARJ    α׷
н Ÿ ġ Ѵ.

 " DOS ɾ  ɾ "  Ѿ 
 .    аڴ.



4.2. Symbolic Links

н DOS    ִ: ٷ Symbolic Link. ̰
̳ 丮 Ű ͷ   ִµ װ
Ű ̳ 丮    ִ;  'ٷ '
ϴ. symbolic link  /usr/X11R6 Ű /usr/X11; /dev/ttyS0
Ǵ /dev/ttyS1   ϳ Ű /dev/modem  ִ.

symbolic link :

	$ ln -s <file_or_dir> <linkname>

:

	$ ln -s /usr/doc/g77/DOC g77manual.txt

̷ ϸ /usr/doc/g77/DOC  g77manual.txt   ִ. ũ
丮  ϸ   Ÿ:

	$ls -F g77manual.txt@ $ ls -l	    (several things...)
	g77manual.txt -> /usr/doc/g77/DOC




4.3	Permission(permission) 

 DOS ϰ 丮   Ӽ ´: A(), H(),
 R(б ), S(ý).  ̵  H R ǹ̸ ´:
    ϰ R Ӽ ؼ   о.

н Ͽ "Permission(permission)" ڰ ִ. ڴ 
"׷" Ѵ.   :

       $ ls -l /bin/ls -rwxr-xr-x  1  root  bin  27281 Aug 15 1995
       /bin/ls*

 ó ʵ /bin/ls  permission Ÿ  root
ϸ bin̶ ׷쿡 Ѵ. ٸ  ġϰ -rwxr-xr-x 
ʿ    ǹϴ ص:

-    ̴. (- =  , d = 丮, l = ũ
); rwx  ڰ  permission б, ,  
Ÿ; r-x  ڰ  ׷쿡 ־ Permission б,
 Ÿ; (ʺڶ ׷     ״ ׷
信 ؼ  ʰڴ ;-) r-x ٸ  ڵ 
permission б,  Ÿ.

丮 /bin  permission پִ: "丮 permission"
ǿ   ڼ  ִ. ٷ ̷   Ʈ ƴϰ
/bin/ls     ̴:   permission  ̴. 
permission ٲٷ    Ѵ:


       $ chmod <whoXperm> <file>


⿡ who u(,  ), g (׷), o (  ), X + Ǵ
-, perm r(б), w(), x()  ϳ.  chmod ϴ
 :


     $ chmod +x file

̷ ϸ ش   permission ȴ.


     $ chmod go-rw file


̷ ϸ  ̿  ڷκ б  permission
Ѵ.


  $ chmod ugo+rwx file


̰  ̿ б, ,  permission οѴ.


       # chmod +s file


̰  "setuid" Ǵ "suid" Ϸ  Ưǰ Բ  
ų  ִ.   Ʈ suid    ִ;  ϵ
 X   ߿ ý  찡 .

permission ϴ     ڷ ǥϴ ̴:
rwxr-xr-x 755 ǥ  ִ(  ڿ شϴ Ʈ ִ: ----
0̰ --x 1, -w- 2, -wx 3...).    ϸ 
   ̴. Ʈ   ̵  permission
ٲ  ִ. RMP.



4.4.  : ɾ 


ʿ  ; ʿ ׿ شϴ  ɾ̴.
	ATTRIB:		chmod COPY:	      cp DEL:		 rm MOVE:
	mv REN:		   mv TYPE:	      more, less, cat

Redirection and plumbing operators:  < > >> |

Wildcards: * ?

nul:	    /dev/null

prn, lpt1:  /dev/lp0 or /dev/lp1; lpr

4.4.1.	Examples
DOS								Linux
---------------------------------------------------------------------
C:\GUIDO>ATTRIB +R FILE.TXT		$ chmod 400 file.txt C:\GUIDO>COPY
JOE.TXT JOE.DOC			  $ cp joe.txt joe.doc C:\GUIDO>COPY
*.* TOTAL				  $ cat * > total C:\GUIDO>COPY
FRACTALS.DOC PRN		  $ lpr fractals.doc C:\GUIDO>DEL TEMP
$ rm temp C:\GUIDO>DEL *.BAK					  $ rm
*~ C:\GUIDO>MOVE PAPER.TXT TMP\			   $ mv paper.txt tmp/
C:\GUIDO>REN PAPER.TXT PAPER.ASC		$ mv paper.txt paper.asc
C:\GUIDO>PRINT LETTER.TXT			$ lpr letter.txt
C:\GUIDO>TYPE LETTER.TXT			$ more letter.txt
C:\GUIDO>TYPE LETTER.TXT			$ less letter.txt
C:\GUIDO>TYPE LETTER.TXT > NUL			$ cat letter.txt >
/dev/null
		n/a						$
		more *.txt *.asc n/a
		$ cat section*.txt | less


˾Ƶ :

o  *   پ   ִ: *   
  ǹѴ;	.*   ϵ ǹѴ( 
丮 '.'̰  丮 '..'  ϶!);   *.* .
߰  ִ ϵ    ϵ鸸 ǹѴ; p*r
'peter' Ǵ 'piper' ǹѴ; *c* 'picked' ׸ 'peck' ǹѴ;

o  more   <SPACE>      'q' 
Ѵ. less ȭǥ   ־    ϱ ;

o  UNDELETE Ƿ  ̵      غ;

o  DOS < > >> Ͽ  2> Ͽ  ޽ ̷Ʈ
ų  ִ(stderr); ߰ 2>&1 stderr stdout ̷Ʈϰ
1>&2 stdout stderr ̷ƮѴ;

o   ϵ ī尡 ϳ  ִ: ٷ []̴. : [abc] a,
b, c ϴ ϵ ǹѴ; *[I-N2-3] I, J, K, L, M, N, 1, 2,
3;  ϵ ǹѴ.

o  lpr <file> ش  ׶ μѴ. Ʈ ť Ȯ
 lpq Ѵ;  ť  Ϸ lprm ϸ ȴ;

o   RENAME   ;  mv *.xxx *.yyy ó  
. REN-  ɾ    <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/utils/file>
   ִ.

o  cp -i mv -i ϸ         ִ.



4.5. α׷ : Ƽ ½ŷ 

α׷   DOS   α׷ ̸
Էϸ ȴ.  α׷ Ǿ ִ 丮("丮
" ) PATH("ý ʱȭ "  ) ִٸ
α׷  ̴. : DOSʹ ޸  ش
α׷  丮 ִ ϴ PATH   ʴ 
 ʴ´. īŸ: α׷  prog̶  './prog'̶
ԷѴ.     ´:


       $ command [-s1 [-s2] ... [-sn]] [par1 [par2] ... [parn]] [< input]
       [> output]


⿡ -s1, ..., -sn α׷ ġ, par1, ..., parn α׷
Ű(parameter). ϳ ࿡      ִ:


       $ command1 ; command2 ; ... ; commandn


̻ α׷  õ  ̴.  ̺   
ϴ ͵  ʴ.  ϴ ߿   ϳ
Ƽ½ŷ OS ̱ ̴---   α׷(δ μ
θ) ÿ   ִ.   μ ׶忡
Ű  ؼ ٸ ۾ ϰ ־ ȴ. Դٰ 
 ǵ ϴ: ġ   ǻ͸    ϴ
Ͱ !

o    ֿܼ  1..6 ȯϷ <ALT-F1> ... <ALT-F6>
 ȴ.

o     ֿܼ   ״ ΰ ο  Ϸ
su -  <loginname>̶ Էϸ ȴ. : su - root. ̴ Ʈ
permission  ۾ ؾ ϴ     ϴ.

o    ߷ exit ԷѴ.  ۾   
´(̿ ؼ  ִٰ ٽ ٷ)

o   ׶忡 μ ϳ Ϸ   '&'
δ:       $ progname [-switches] [parameters] [< input] [> output]
&	[1] 123			     ش μ ۾ ȣ(
[1]; Ʒ ) PID(Process Identification Number - μ ĺ ȣ;
 123) ĺѴ.

o     μ   ȮϷ ps ax ԷѴ. ̴
 ǰ ִ μ Ʈ ش.

o   μ ϳ ̷() kill <PID>  ԷѴ. 
μ  ϴ     μ 
ʿ䰡 ִ.... Ʈ ƴ ̻ ٸ  μ  
.  -SIGKILL <PID> ؾ߸ ״ μ ִ.߰,
μ ߰ ϰų ӽ÷ ۵ Űų ׶ ų
׶忡 ׶ ҷ  ִ. ̷ ƿ μ
"job -	۾"̶ Ҹ.

o    ۾   ȮϷ jobs ԷѴ. ⿡ ۾
PID ƴ϶ ۾ ȣ ĺȴ.

o   ׶忡  μ Ϸ <CTRL-C> (׻
۵ϴ  ƴϴ).

o   ׶忡  μ Ͻ ߴϷ <CTRL-Z>
(tkdehd).

o    ۾ ׶ ҷ fg <%job>̶
ԷѴ.  ׶  ۾ ׶
ҷ ׳ fg Էϸ ȴ.

o   ۾ ̷ kill <%job>̶ ԷѴ. ⿡ <job> 1, 2,
3,....  ͵̴.̷ ɵ Ͽ ÿ ũ ϰ,
  ϵ Ͽ , α׷ ϰ,  
Ǯ鼭  ٸ ִ Ʈ ϴ  ٸ   
ִ. 츦 ̿  Ϸ غ   󸶳 ̰ 
 ݹ   ִ(װ͵ ý  ʰ   쿡 ̴).


4.6. Ʈ ǻͿ α׷ ϱ

remote.machine.edu Ʈ ӽ( ǻ) α׷ Ϸ
  ԷѴ:

       $ telnet remote.machine.edu

α   ϴ α׷ ϸ ȴ.  
Ʈ ӽſ  īƮ ־ Ѵ.X11  ִٸ Ʈ
ǻͿ X ø̼ǵ  ڽ X ȭ鿡 Ÿ  
ִ. remote.machine.edu Ʈ X ǻ, local.linux.box ڽ
ϰ ִ  ӽ̶ . remote.machine.edu ϰ
ִ X α׷ local.linux.box Ϸ   ϸ ȴ.

o   X11, xterm Ǵ ׿  ͹̳ ķ͸   
 ԷѴ:

       $ xhost +remote.machine.edu $ telnet remote.machine.eduo

α     ԷѴ.

       remote:$ DISPLAY=local.linux.box:0.0 remote:$ progname &

(DISPLAY...,  setenv DISPLAY local.linux.box:0.0  Էؾ  
ִ. ̴  Ʈ  ޷ִ.)

 !  progname  remote.machine.edu
Ͽ  ǻ ȭ鿡 Ÿ ̴.  
ʹ   ؼ   ۾ Ϸ  
 ̴.    ۾  ҿϰ Ҿϴ:
<http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/mini/Remote-X-Apps>  ִ ``Remote
X Apps mini-HOWTO''  о.


5. 丮 

5.1. 丮:  

DOSWin    ؼ ˾ƺҴ. ̹
丮 ؼ ˾ƺ. DOSWin Ʈ 丮 \,  /
̴. ϰ,  丮 DOSWin \  еǰ  /
 еȴ.     :

	   DOS:    C:\PAPERS\GEOLOGY\MID_EOC.TEX Linux:
	   /home/guido/papers/geology/middle_eocene.tex

Ϲ Ǵ ó  ..   丮, .   丮
Ÿ.  ýۿ cd, rd, md Ѵٰ ؼ ƹ 
 ִ  ƴ϶  ϶. ڸ ý ڰ 
'home'̶ Ҹ 丮 ڱ ''  ִ;   
PC  Ȩ 丮 /home/guido ̴.


5.2. 丮 permission

丮  permission ִ. "permission " ǿ 
͵ 丮 شȴ(, ׷, Ÿ). 丮 ؼ
rx  丮 cd    w  丮 ִ ( 
 permission )̳  丮 ü   ִٴ 
ǹѴ. , ٸ ڰ /home/guido/text  ϰ
Ϸ   ϸ ȴ:

       $ chmod o-rwx /home/guido/text


5.3. 丮:

ɾ 



  DIR:		  ls, find, du CD:	       cd, pwd MD:
  mkdir RD:		rmdir DELTREE:	      rm -rf MOVE:	     mv

5.3.1 

       DOS					Linux
       ---------------------------------------------------------------------

       C:\GUIDO>DIR					$ ls C:\GUIDO>DIR
       FILE.TXT			   $ ls file.txt C:\GUIDO>DIR *.H *.C
       $ ls *.h *.c C:\GUIDO>DIR/P				     $
       ls | more C:\GUIDO>DIR/A					  $ ls
       -l C:\GUIDO>DIR *.TMP /S				   $ find / -name
       "*.tmp" C:\GUIDO>CD					$ pwd
	       n/a - see note				$ cd ditto
	       $ cd ~ ditto				       $ cd ~/temp
       C:\GUIDO>CD \OTHER				$ cd /other
       C:\GUIDO>CD ..\TEMP\TRASH		$ cd ../temp/trash
       C:\GUIDO>MD NEWPROGS			$ mkdir newprogs
       C:\GUIDO>MOVE PROG ..				$ mv prog ..
       C:\GUIDO>MD \PROGS\TURBO			$ mkdir /progs/turbo
       C:\GUIDO>DELTREE TEMP\TRASH	$ rm -rf temp/trash C:\GUIDO>RD
       NEWPROGS			    $ rmdir newprogs C:\GUIDO>RD
       \PROGS\TURBO		    $ rmdir /progs/turbo



 :

o	rmdir    丮 ־ Ѵ. 丮
 빰 Բ Ѳ Ϸ rm -rf Ѵ(  ڽ
˾Ƽ  )

o	'~' ڴ ڽ Ȩ 丮   ڴ. cd Ǵ cd ~
 ڽ  ֵ ڽ Ȩ 丮 ̵ش; cd ~/tmp
/home/your_home/tmp ̵ش.

o	cd -   cd   Ų.



6. ÷, ϵũ, Ÿ

 ġ ϴ  DOS İ     ִ. 
   ȴ.


6.1. DOS  ̽ 

κ   ǿ Mtools Ʈ  ִ. ̴  ش
ɾ   ְ ִ ε ٸ տ 'm' ٴ´:  mformat,
mdir, mdel, mmd, Ÿ. ̵   ̸   ִµ 
permission  ʴ´. /etc/mtools.conf   Ͽ
Mtools   ִµ( ǿ   ִ) DOS/Win Ƽǰ
CD--ROM, Zip ̺굵 ׼  ִ.   ũ ϴ
 mformat δ  ȴ.  Ʈ    ؾ
Ѵ: fdformat /dev/fd0H1440.

less a:file.txt    ÷ǿ ִ  ׼ 
 . ̴ DOS  ũ ׼  ̴.


6.2. н  ̽ 

н ٸ  ̽ Ѵ. н A: Ǵ
C:   иǾ  ʴ. ÷ǵ  ϳ ũ
"mounting"̶ ۷̼ ؼ   ý Ϻΰ ȴ. ũ
  ϱ   "unmount" Ѿ Ѵ.ũ 
ϴ Ͱ    ý    ̴. 
ɾ 'FORMAT A:'   Ѳ Ѵ.  
  óѴ. ÷ ˿ ؼ  ϰ; 
ý     ϸ ȴ.

       # mkfs -t ext2 -c /dev/fd0H1440

ext2  , vfat(õ) Ǵ      ִ. ũ
غ    ؼ Ʈ Ѵ.

       # mount -t ext2 /dev/fd0 /mnt

 ext2    ش  ý ϸ ȴ. 
A: B:  /mnt ؼ ÷ǿ ִ ϵ 巹   ְ
Ǿ. :


       DOS				       Linux
       ---------------------------------------------------------------------

       C:\GUIDO>DIR A:			       $ ls /mnt C:\GUIDO>COPY
       A:*.*			 $ cp /mnt/* .	C:\GUIDO>COPY *.ZIP A:
       $ cp *.zip /mnt C:\GUIDO>EDIT A:FILE.TXT		       $ jstar
       /mnt/file.txt C:\GUIDO>A:			     $ cd /mnt
       A:> _				       /mnt/$ _

۾ ģ  ũ     ؼ 𸶿Ʈ
Ѿ Ѵ.

       # umount /mnt

̹ ϴ ũ ƴ϶ ˵  ũ fdformat mkfs ؾ
 ̴. B: ̺긦 ϰ    fd0H1440 fd0
 fd1H1440 fd1 ϸ ȴ.

÷ǿ Ǵ  ٸ ̽   ʿ䵵 ;
 , ϵũ CD--ROM ̺긦 ߰ Ʈ ϰ ʹٰ
. CD--ROM   Ʈ Ѵ:

       # mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt

  ũ Ʈ ϴ "" ̾.   ϴ
Ʈ ִ. ÷ǳ CD--ROM Ʈ ϱ ؼ Ʈ Ǿ ϴ
   ̹Ƿ   ϸ  ڵ װ͵ Ʈ
  ִ.

o	Ʈ α Ͽ   Ѵ:

       # mkdir /mnt/floppy ; mkdir /mnt/cdrom # chmod 777 /mnt/floppy
       /mnt/cd* # # make sure that the CD-ROM device is right # chmod
       666 /dev/hdb ; chmod 666 /dev/fd*

o	/etc/fstab   ߰Ѵ.

       /dev/cdrom      /mnt/cdrom  iso9660 ro,user,noauto	   0
       0 /dev/fd0	 /mnt/floppy vfat    user,noauto	     0
       0

  ÷ǳ CD--ROM    Ʈ Ѵ:

       $ mount /mnt/floppy $ mount /mnt/cdrom

  ڰ /mnt/floppy /mnt/cdrom   ְ Ǿ. ̷
 ؼ  ڿ ũ Ʈ ϴ   ü迡
  ̶   .

Ʈ   ýۿ    df ش 丮 
뷮 ؼ ˷ִ du dirname     ˾Ƶθ ϴ.



6.3. 

  Ű  Ƽ   ϴµ ּ (Ʈμ):

       # tar -M -cvf /dev/fd0H1440 dir_to_backup/

ݵ ̺꿡 ˵ ÷ǰ  ־ ϸ ߰  
 ξ Ѵ.   ù° ÷Ǹ ̺꿡 ְ
 ԷѴ:

       # tar -M -xpvf /dev/fd0H1440



7.  ?

쿡 شǴ  ٷ ׷ ý X 
ý̴. MS쳪 ư ޸ X11  ̳  ο
  ƴ϶  н ̼ǿ ׷  ϵ 
Ǿִ. ֿ   :

o	MS         ݸ,
X11 ׷ ʴ:   ڰ   ִ. X11 ü 
 " Ŵ" ٽ Ʈ ؼ µ ⿡
  ִ ͵   ִ: ⺻  ޸ ȿ
fvwm ؼ fvwm2-95, Afterstep, WindowMaker, Enlightenment, 
ۿ   ִ. w.m. Ϲ  .xinitrc  ҷ  ִ;

o	w.m. â 쿡 ۵ϴ ó   ִ:
 콺 Ŭ   ׶尡 ǵ. ٸ   ִ
δ 콺 ش â ("Ŀ") Ǿ  ׶尡 ǰ
ϴ ̴. , ȭ鿡 â ġ ڵ Ǵ ȭ   ִ:
α׷  ̻  Ÿ װ Ÿ   ҿ
 Ŭϸ ȴ.

o	ϳ Ǵ     ν κ ɵ
ڽ ϴ    ִ. w.m. Ũ̼ о:
  .fvwmrc, .fvwm2rc95, .steprc, ̴.    
/etc/X11/window-manager-name/system.window-manager-name;   ִ.

o	X11 ø̼ǵ Ư ̺귯("widget sets") Ͽ
;  Ʈ   Ƿ ø̼ǵ  
ٸ.  ⺻  Athena widget(2--D ; xdvi, xman, xcalc)
ϴ ͵̴;  ۿ Motif (netscape) ϴ ͵ ְ 
Tcl/Tk, XForms, Qt, Gtk  ϴ ͵ ִ. ׷  ̺귯
 ó     Ѵ.

o	길    ִ.  , 콺 Ͽ ؽƮ
    <BACKSPACE>  Ƹ   ü ⸦
 ̴. Athena  ÿ ׷ ۵ ʴ´. 
ٸ  Ʈ  Ϳ ü ׷ ۵Ѵ.

o	ũѹٿ â ũ    w.m.  Ʈ ޷ִ. :
ũѹٰ ϴ ó ൿ   ߳   ߸
 ;

o	ø̼  Ʈ ־  ƴϴ.  ִ
͵鵵 . κ w.m. ũž("Ʈ â") Ŭν ȣǴ
޴   ִ;  ޴     ̴. Ʈ
â  ٲٷ xsetrotǴ xloadimage; ϸ ȴ.

o	Ŭ ؽƮ شǸ ̻ϰ ۵Ѵ. ϴ ؽƮ
ϸ, ̹ ڵ Ŭ忡 ȴ: ƹγ  
ư  ٿ ֱⰡ ȴ. xclipboard Ҹ ø̼ ִµ
 Ŭ ۸ Ѵ.

o	巢ص ɼ X11 ø̼ǰ 巢ص ϴ
w.m. ؾ߸ ȴ.

޸𸮸 ϱ ؼ  ̺귯 ϴ ø̼
ϴ   δ  ƴ.

X11 ó    ۵ϰ   ǥ
ϴ Ʈ ִ. Gnome,  <http://www.gnome.org> and KDE,
<http://www.kde.org>,  Ǹϴ. ѹ غ: 
ũž  ̻ ׸  ̴.



      8. ⿡  ý ߱

8.1. ý ġ ϵ

  ߿ 2 Ϸ AUTOEXEC.BAT CONFIG.SYS ִ. ̵
 Ʈ   ý ʱ ϰ, PAHT FILES    ȯ溯
 ϸ α׷̳ ġ  õϱ⵵ Ѵ.  ʱ 
        ͵   ˱  ǵ帮
 ʴ  . ·ų  ߿ ͵鿡 ؼ ˷ְڴ:

	FILES					NOTES
	/etc/inittab				 ǵ帮  !
	/etc/rc.d/*				

PATH   ȯ  ϰų α ޽ ϰų α
ڿ ڵ α׷ õǴ  ʿ   ϵ
캻:

	FILES					NOTES
	/etc/issue				α  ޽ 
	/etc/motd				α  ޽ 
	/etc/profile				$PATH    
	 /etc/bashrc			     alias Լ 
	 /home/your_home/.bashrc	     ڽ alias Լ 
	/home/your_home/.bash_profile Ǵ /home/your_home/.profile
	ȯ  α׷ õ

   (  ƴ ) ϸ α Ŀ  
    ̴.

--- .bash_profile :

--------------------------------------------------------------------- #
 ڸƮ̴.  echo Environment;  printenv | less	  #  ɾ
Ʈ شȴ alias d='ls -l' # alias     
̴ alias up='cd ..'  echo "δ"$PATH  echo "̴" echo "
'date'̴" # 'date'   Ѵ echo "  Ϸ, " $LOGHAME #
 " "̴ ctgz() # .tar.gz ī̺  ش {
	for file in $* do
		gzip -dc $(file) | tar tf -
	done
}
  # .profile 
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------

$PATH $LOGNAME    ֵ ȯ ̴.  ۿ ǵ帱
 ִ ȯ溯   ִ; less bash  ø̼ 
RMP  ̴.

  /etc/profile ߰ϸ PROMPT $P$G   ȿ
Ѵ:

	export PS1="\w\\$"


8.2. α׷ ʱ  

   ͵ ʿ  ϴ   
ִ. κ α׷ ϳ Ǵ  ̻   ʱ 
  ִ. ̵ Ȩ 丮 .prognamerc · ϴ 찡
.   ϰ ;  ͵  :

o	.inputrc: bash ϴ Ϸ Ű ε Ѵ;

o	.xinitrc: startx ϴ Ϸ X  ý ʱ
Ѵ;

o	.fvwmrc:  Ŵ fvwm Ѵ.

o	.joerc, .jstarrc:  joe Ѵ.

o	.jedrc:  jed Ѵ.

o	.pinerc:   pine Ѵ.

o	.Xdefault:  X α׷ Ѵ.

   ͵   ͵  ̴, RMP.  Ͽ
<http://sunsite.unc.edu/mdw/HOWTO/Config-HOWTO.html>?  о 
   ִ.


9. Ʈŷ: 

 "ȭ  Ʈŷ" ϱ⸸   ƴ϶ ξ
 ̰ . ̸ ٷ "PPP"μ  ̿ؼ ͳݿ
Ǵµ ϴ ̴. ̸ ؼ PPP ϴ Ŀΰ
ȭ ɰ ϴ  ʿϴ.

ͳ     ϱ ؼ POP 
ϸ "email fetcher ̸ ű" Ҹ  ʿϴ; 
  ڽ ޵  ״ Ÿ. ׷ pine̳ mutt,
elm    MUA(Mail User Agent) ؼ ϸ ȴ.

 ͳ ø̼ õϸ ڵ ̾󷯰
ҷ ݸ  ٸ  ؾ Ѵ:  ȭ  
ø̼ õѴ. diald Ҹ  ൿ  ̴. ȭ
 Ʈŷ ġϰ ϴ     ۾ 
ϳ  ׷ ʴ: Configuration HOWTO ϶.

 "Network neighborhoo" ؼ   ϰڴ: 
̼ Windows NT/9X  Ʈ ִ  ӽó
̰   ִ! ٷ Samba ϸ ȴ:  Samba
   й  ƴ϶  SMB ̴.
<http://samba.anu.edu.au/samba> .


10. ణ α׷

10.1.  ũƮ:   .BAT 

  ϰ  ؼ .BAT غ  ( 
), profile̳ .bash_profile  alias  ν 
   ִ.     .BAT ؼ  
 ũƮ    ̴: ٷ  QBasic  
ϳ. ⿣  while, for, case if... then... else 
Ͽ   ɵ ִ: '¥' α׷   
  ִ ̴.

ũƮ--- .BAT Ͽ شϴ --- ۼϴ  
νƮǵ  ǥ ASCII  ۼ  ϰ chmod +x
<ũƮ> Ͽ  ϰ ָ ȴ. ϴ 
̸ Էϸ ȴ.

   Ѱ. vi Ҹ ý Ⱑ ִµ  迡 ϸ
ó ϴ  ſ Ѵ. vi   ؼ
 ʰڴ; Matt Welsh å̳ ͳݿ  ãƺ 
Ѵ. ⼭   ͵ ϴ    :

o	ؽƮ Ϸ i  ؽƮ ԷѴ.

o	ڸ  <ESC>   x ;

o	 ʰ vi Ϸ <ESC>   :q! .

o	ϰ Ϸ <ESC>   :wq. .

ʺڸ    joe̴: jstar Էؼ joe ϸ
DOSWin    Ű ε   ִ. WordStar jed Ǵ
IDE  . "Where to Find Applicaions"  ϸ 𿡼
̵ ⸦   ִ ִ.

bash ũƮ ۼϴ  ſ ū ̱   üε
å   ȴ. ׷    ʰڴ.  ⺻ Ģ
  ִ  ũƮ    ְڴ:

_________________________________________________________________________
#!/bin/sh # sample.sh #  ڸƮ(ּ) # ù°  ٲ  
ű⿡ ־  echo " ý: 'uname -a'" #   
echo " ̸ $0" #   echo "  ־ $# Ű:
"$* echo "ù ° Ű: "$1 echo -n "̸?" ; read your_name echo
  : "ȳ $your_name" # " ο빮 ֱ echo  
: 'ȳ $your_name' # ' ο빮 ֱ DIRS=0 ; FILES=0 for file in
'ls .' ; do
	if [ -d ${file} ] ; then # file 丮
		DIRS='exr $DIRS + 1' # DIRS = DIRS + 1
	elif [ -f ${file} ] ; then
		FILES='expr $FILES +1'
	fi	case ${file} in
		*.gif|*jpg) echo "${file}: graphic file" ;; *.txt|*.tex)
		echo "${file}: text file" ;; *.c|*.f|*.for) echo "${file}:
		source file" ;; *) echo "${file}: genric file" ;;
	esac
done echo " ${DIRS} 丮 ${FILES} Ѵ" ls | grep
"ZxY--!!!WKW" if [ $? != 0 ] ; then #  ڵ  echo "ZxY--!!!WKW
 ã" fi echo "̻... ߰  ʿϸ 'man bash' Է ."
________________________________________________________________________



10.2. C ȥ 

н  Ȱ ý  C.  ٸ (Java, FORTRAN,
Pascal, Lisp, Basic, Perl awk...)   ִ.

C ȴٴ  ϰ ͺ C++  뿡   
 ̵带   ˷ְڴ.  C Ϸ gcc Ҹ DOS
뿡 ִ    ֽ : ٽ ؼ IDE, ¶ ,
յ   . ׳ ģ  Ϸ ̸  ϰ
ȿ̴.    ǥ hello.c  Ϸ  
ԷѴ:


	$ gcc hello.c

 ׷    a.out .   Ͽ ٸ ̸
 ַ   ԷѴ.


	$ gcc -o hola hello.c

α׷ ̺귯 ũϷ -l<libname> ġ ̸
ȴ.  , math ̺귯 ũϷ   Ѵ:


	$ gcc -o mathprog mathprog.c -lm

( -l<libname> ġ gcc Ͽ ̺귯 /usr/lib/lib<libname>
 ũϰ . so; so -lm /usr/lib/libm.so ũѴ).

 ο.  α׷   ҽ Ϸ 
 ƿƼ make ؾ ȴ. ǥ ؼ⸦ ۼߴٰ :
 ҽ  parser.c  θ parser.h calc.c   
 #include Ų. ׷  calc.c ϴ α׷ parser.c
ִ ƾ ϰ ʹٰ . ׷  parser.h #include
ȴ. 󸶳 Ѱ! calc.c  Ϸ  ؾ Ѵ ΰ?

 Makefile̶ Ǯ  ۼؾ Ѵ. ̴
Ϸ ҽ ü ϵ Ӽ ˷ش.
:_________________________________________________________________________
# ̰ Makefile calc.c  ϴµ ȴ.  # õ 
<TAB> Ű !

calc: calc.o parser.o <TAB>gcc -o calc calc.o parser.o -lm # calc 
  ü Ͽ Ѵ:

calc.o, parser.ocalc.o: calc.c parser.h <TAB>gcc -c calc.c # calc.o
 ҽ Ͽ Ѵ

parser.o: parser.c parser.h xh.h <TAB>gcc -c parser.c # parser.o 
 ҽ Ͽ Ѵ.

# Makefile 
________________________________________________________________________


  Makefile ϰ make ԷϿ α׷  Ѵ;
ٸ  calc.mak   make -f calc.mak  ԷѴ. RMP
θ  ʿ䵵 .   ϸ man   3 ִ C ɿ
 ణ  ҷ  ִ;

	$ man 3 printf

α׷ Ϸ gdb Ѵ. gdb  ˰  info
gdb ԷѴ.  ̺귯  ִ;    
ϰ   ncurse(ؽƮ  ȿ) svgalib(ܼ ׷Ƚ)
̴. ѹ ϰ X11 α׷ غ (׷ 
 ƴϴ) X11 α׷   ϵ ִ ̺귯
 ִ.Gtk  ǥ Ǿ ִٴ  ο ΰ
<http://www.xnet.com/~blatura/linapp6.html> 캸.

  ͵ IDE    ִ;   emacs jed ִµ
 ý ̶Ʈ, ڵ 鿩   ִ.ٸ δ
 <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/devel/debuggers/>  rhide Ű
 ´. ̰ Borland IDE Ŭ Ƹ  ̴.



11.  1%

 1% ̴̻.

11.1. tar gzip 

н ϵ ѵ  ϴµ θ Ǵ ø̼
ִ. tar ϵ ѵ µ Ѵ---tar ġ PKZIP̳ Winzip
    Ͱ , ϵ ѵ  ɸ Ѵ. ο
     ԷѴ:

	$ tar =cvf <archivve_name.tar> <file> [file...]

 Ϸκ  Ϸ:

	$ tar -xpvf <archive_name.tar> [file...]

   :

	$ tar -tf <archive_name.tar> | less

compress ϸ    ִ.  compress  ѹ
  ̻  Ƿ qzip ؾ Ѵ:

	$ compress <file> $ gzip <file>

̷ ϸ Ȯڰ .Z (compress  )̳ .gz (gzip
 ) .  α׷ ѹ ϳ ϸ  
ִ.    :

	$ compress -d <file.Z> $ gzip -d <file.gz>

RMP.


11.2. ø̼ ġ

  : Ű ġϴ  Ʈ ۾̴. κ 
ø̼ .tar.gz ī̺ · ȴ.  ī̺꿡 
 ̸ 丮    ӿ   ̸ ϰ
丮  ִ. ̷ Ű ġϴ  ü /usr/local
    

	# tar -zxf <archive.tar.gz>

  README INSTALL   ȴ. κ  ø̼
ҽ Ǿ  Ѿ Ѵ; make Է  make install
Էϸ  찡 ϴ. gcc g++ Ϸ ־ ϴ 
̴.

/  Ǯ ϴ ī̺굵 ִ; Slackware .tgz ī̺갡 ̷
. 丮  ϸ  ̴ ī̺굵 ִ - ̷ 
ϵ   ʵ ؾ Ѵ! ġϱ  ׻ 빰
Ȯغ  .

Ȱ   .deb .rpm ü ī̺  
ִ. .rpm  α⸦  ִµ rpm Ű ġϷ 
 Էϸ ȴ.

	# rpm -i package.rpm


11.3.  ˾ ξ  

齺ũ: <SHIFT + PAG UP>    齺ũ  
ִ.   ڷ   ִ    ޸𸮿  ȴ.

ȭ : Ǽ  Ͽ more cat  ϸ ȭ鿡
ʿ  ͵ . ̸ ġ ȭ鿡 Ÿ ʴ ׳
'reset' Էϰų echo CTRL-V ESC c RETURN ʴ  ȴ.

ؽƮ ٿ ֱ: ֿܼ Ʒ ;X  x͹̳ â ִ ؽƮ
Ϸ Ŭ  巡ϰ, ٿ ֱ  ư(Ǵ 2ư
콺 ϰ ִٸ   ư ÿ)  ȴ. xclipboard
ִ( ؽƮ ۵);     ȥ
ʵ.

콺 : ֿܼ 콺 ̹ gpm ġߴٸ Ŭ+巡׷
ؽƮ ϰ  Ŭ õ ؽƮ ٿ ֱ  
ִ.  ٸ VC     ִ.



11.4. ø̼ ã

 ؿ   DOS/Win ø̼ǵ
 ü  ִ ñ ̴.   Ʈ
ҵ   Ѵ: <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux>,
<ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux>, <ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/Linux>. 
ۿ "Linux Applications and Utilities Page"
<http://www.xnet.com/~blatura/linapps.shtml>  "" 
<http://www.linux.org> ãƺ ͵ .


11.5.      ͵

DOS/Windows ۾ ų ưų  Ұ  ۾
 ϴ.   Ŀ ︸   Ұغڴ:

o	at Ư ð  α׷ ǵ Ѵ;

o	awk   ϴ   .  
data.dat Ƽ ʵ  ̶ ,

	$ awk '$2 ~ "abc" {print $1, "\t", $4}' data.dat

  data.dat ִ     ° ʵ忡 "abc"  ִ
 1 4 ʵ带 ƮѴ.

o	cron Ư  Ư ð ֱ ʿ ۾ 
ִ. man 5 crontab Էغ.

o	file <filename> filename  ˷ش(ASCII ؽƮ,
, ī̺ );

o	find  ϰ    ϳ̴( "Directories:
Translating Commands"  ϶). ̴ ش ڸ  
ãų  Ͽ   ϴµ Ѵ. find Ϲ 
 :

	$ find <directory> <expression>

⿡ <expression> ˻ Թ ൿ Եȴ. :

		$ find . -type l -exec ls -l {} \;

   symbolic link ãƼ װ ϴ  
ش.

	$ find / -name "*.old" -ok rm {} \;

   Ͽ شǴ   ãƼ ſ 
䱸  .

	$ find . -perm +111

  permission 111()   ã´.

	$ find . -user root

  root ϴ   ã´.     ɼ
ִ---RMP.

o	grep    ؽƮ  ã´.  ,

	$ grep -l "geology" *.tex

  'geology' ܾ  ִ *.tex ϵ Ѵ. 
 zgrep gzip  Ͽ ȴ. RMP;

o	Ϲ ǥ ſ  ؽƮ ˻ ۾ ϴ 
 ϴ.   ^a[^a-m]X{4,}txt$ 'a' ϰ  ڿ a-m
̿  ʴ ڷ ϰ  ڿ 'X' 4 ̻ 
txt   ã´. less   ⸦ Ͽ ٸ 
ø̼ǿ Ϲ ǥ Ѵ. man grep Ͽ  о.

o	script <script_file>     ȭ 
script_file  Ѵ.    ϴ;

o	sudo root ۾  Ϻθ ڵ   ְ ش(,
ũ ˰ ; RMP);

o	uname -a  ýۿ   ˷ش.

o	zcat zless gzip  ϵ  ʰ
¡ϰ ϴµ ϴ.  :
	$ zless textfile.gz $ zcat textfile.gz | lpr

o	 ɵ鵵    : bc, cal, chsh, cmp, cut,
fmt, head, hxdump, nl, passwd, printf, sort, split, strings, tac, tail,
tee touch, uniq, w, wall, wc, whereis, write, xargs, znew. RMP.


11.6. DOS/Windows н 

   ϰų ų, DOS/Windows н  ȯ ϴ
   Ǹ   ִ!   ϳ Djgpp Ʈ DOS
   (  <http://www.delorie.com/djgpp>) Win32 Cygnus (
   <http://www.cygnus.com>). Cygnus   ̴.  
   ó GNU  ƿƼ  ִ;   
      .

     Djgpp غ.  ϵ ޾Ƽ
ġغ(   ִ   ֽ  2.02̴):
djdev202.zip, bnu281b.zip, bsh1147b.zip, fil316b.zip,  find41b.zip,
grep22b.zip, gwk303b.zip, lss332b.zip, shl112b.zip.. ġ  Ǿ
 <news:comp.os.msdos.djgpp>     ִ.

Ư DOSWin bash ϸ ŭ   ̴.  Ϸ
Բ Ǵ BOOT.BAT Ͽ ڽ ġ ° ģ. ׷ 
 ϵ Ȩ 丮(Windows Ƽ)  ͵  ִ´:
	# ̰ _bashrc  LS_OPTIONS="-F -s --color=yes" alias cp='cp
	-i' alias d='ls -l' alias l=less alias ls="ls $LS_OPTIONS"
	alias mv='mv -i'	alias rm='rm -i' alias u='cd ..'

# ̰ _bprof ̴ if [ -f ~/_bashrc ]; then
	.~/_bashrc
fi PS1='\w\$ 'PS2='> 'CDPATH="$CDPATH:~" # less(1)  ͵ LESS="-M-Q"
#  Ʈ, ħ LESSEDIT="%E ?lt+%lt. %f"	    #  ù   
VISUAL="jed"			#  LESSCHARSET=latin1		 #
 ڵ ðȭ export PS1 PS2 CDPATH LS_OPTIONS LESS LESSEDIT
LESSOPEN VISUAL LESSCHARSET



11.7. Ϲ ϴ Ȯڿ  α׷

  Ȯڵ   ̴.   ͵(, Ʈ )
ϰ   Ǵ ͵  Ҵ:

o	1 ... 8: man . groff -Tascii -man <file.1> Ͽ
о.

o	arj: arj  ī̺.

o	dvi: TeX    (Ʒ ). xdvi ϸ ðȭ
  ִ; dvips PostScript  .ps Ϸ ٲپش.

o	gz: gzip  ī̺

o	info: info  (man   ġǰ).  ´.

o	lsm: Linux Software Map .  ASCII Ϸ Ű 
  ִ.

o	ps: ƮũƮ .   ų μϷ gs 
ʿ  ƴ ghostview gv Ѵ.

o	rpm: Red Hat Ű. Ű Ŵ rpm Ͽ 
ýۿ ġ  ִ.

o	taz, tar.Z: tar ѵ  compress  ī̺

o	tgz, tar.gz: tar ѵ  gzip  ī̺

o	tex:   ý TeX  ؽƮ . 
  ִ tex Ű ؼ .

o	texi: texinfo . TeX info     ִ.(info
). texinfo ؼ Ѵ.o	  xbm, xpm, xwd: ׷ 

o	Z: compress  ī̺



11.8.  ȯ

DOS/Win  ̿ ؽƮ ϵ ȯ ʿ䰡  "end
of line"  ؾ Ѵ. DOS ؽƮ   CR/LF(
ASCII13 + ASCII 10)   LF . DOS ؽƮ
  ϸ   ̻ M   ڷ 
ɼ ;  ؽƮ  DOS     
  ϳ  Ÿ.     ȯ ϴ
 dos2unix unix2dos   ִ.

ؽƮθ  Ͽ  ڰ  ִٸ  DOS ƴ϶
Windows(Notepad)   Ȯ϶; ׷   
ڵ   ̴.

Word WordPerfec  Ϲ ؽƮ ȯϴ    ٷ
ϴ. ̸ ؼ CTAN Ʈ ߰  ִ 
ʿϴ;   ϳ <ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk> ̴. /pub/tex/tools/
丮 word2x α׷ ްų /pub/tex/support/ 丮
ִ α׷  ϳ غ. Ư word2x Word 6  ȯ
ϴµ, Word 97  ȯ ؼ  HTML ȯϴ mswordview (
<http://www.csn.ul.ie/~caolan/docs/MSWordView.html>) ʿϴ.


11.9.  ǽ Ʈ

 ȯ   ʴٸ ũμƮ ǽ  Ű
  ִ.

StarOffice Ʈ   ̴.  Ʈ ũ ӵ 
   : ũμƮ ǽ  ɵ鵵 
ȴ.  ȯ ׻ Ϻ  ƴ Word Excel ϵ а
  ִ. Ȩ :   <http://www.stardivision.com>.



12. ϴ 

Ѵ!  н   ۾ غ Ǿ. 
ýۿ    ϰ ϰ Ϸ  
ʿϴٴ   .  ʿ   ø̼ ܶ
ġϿ װ ۾ϴ ͻ̶ ⿡ Ұ ͸ε ϴ.

         ̶
ȮѴ. ׷   ϱ.  DOSWin!   ư
 Ѵ.       ̶   ϰ
׵鿡   񽺰 Ǿ  Ѵ.



12.1. ۱

Ư õ    Ͽ  ۾̿ ۱
ͼӵȴ.  Ͽ   ۱ ð  ǿ Ǵ
   Ǵ  ü · ü Ǵ κ ǰ
  ִ.   Ǹ ȴ;  ׷ 
ڿ ˷ ڴ.

 , Ļ  Ǵ ٸ  Ͽ    
 ۱ ÿ ؼ ȣ ޾ƾ Ѵ. , Ͽ κ Ļ
  װ  ؼ ߰    . ̷
Ģ  ܴ Ư 쿡   ִ; Ʒ ּ Ͽ
 åڿ ϶. ؼ, 츮     
θ ؼ ޵Ǳ ٶ. , Ͽ ŨƮ  ۱
ϰ HOWTO    뺸 ޾ ڴ.

     Ͽ  å Tim Bynum
̸<linux-howto@sunsite.unc.edu> ϶.

12.2. 

"From DOS to Linux HOWTO" Guido
Gonzato<REMOVE_MEguido@ibogeo.df.unibo.it>, . ("REMOVE_ME" 
.) ``Linux Installation and Getting  Started'  Matt Welsh,
``Linux frequently asked  questions with answers''  Ian Jackson,
"Linux"  Giuseppe Zanetti,  ̸Ϸ    
׸ Ư 츮   Linus Torvalds GNU Ѵ.

  "ִ ״ ·" ȴ. ɷ ݴ  Ȯϰ 
  ￴  ִ  ϴ   å Ͽ
̴.    ߻ϴ  ؿ ؼ  å .

Feedback ׻ ȯ̴. 䱸 , Ȥ Ҹ   
   ϶.  ñ...Guido   =8-0
