  DNS HOWTO
  Nicolai Langfeldt janl@math.uio.no
  v2.1.1, 12 November 1998
  ̽± hanuel@edunet.kmec.net, ̿wulee@nownuri.net
  v.2.0 1998 3 13

   HOWTO ð  Ͽ ϰ DNS ϴ  Ѵ.
  ______________________________________________________________________

  

  1. Ӹ
     1.1 Legal stuff
     1.2  帮...,  Źϸ...
     1.3 Anne Line Norheim Langfeldt ġ

  2. ҰAID CDATA intro(LABEL)LABEL
  3. ĳ   (Caching only name server)AID CDATA caching(LABEL)LABEL
     3.1 named 

  4.  ѹ  .AID CDATA simple(LABEL)LABEL
     4.1  ˾ƾ ϴ ͵
     4.2   .
     4.3 ȯ (The reverse zone)

  5.    AID CDATA real-example(LABEL)LABEL
     5.1 /etc/named.conf (Ǵ /var/named/named.conf)
     5.2 /var/named/root.hints
     5.3 /var/named/zone/127.0.0
     5.4 /var/named/zone/land-5.com
     5.5 /var/named/zone/206.6.177

  6.  AID CDATA maint(LABEL)LABEL
  7.  4  8 ̱׷̼AID CDATA bind8(LABEL)LABEL
  8.  AID CDATA qanda(LABEL)LABEL
  9.  ð ҾϿ DNS ؾ Ѵٸ.AID CDATA bigger(LABEL)LABEL

  ______________________________________________________________________

  1.  Ӹ

  ˻: DNS, bind, bind-4, bind-8, named, dialup, ppp, slip, isdn,
  Internet, domain, name, hosts, resolving

  1.1.  Legal stuff

  (C)opyright 1995 Nicolai Langfeldt.  Do not modify without amending
  copyright, distribute freely but retain copyright message.

  1.2.   帮...,  Źϸ...

    ʾ   о ְ    Arnt Gulbrandsen
     ϴ     .   e-mail
  ǰ߰     鿡Ե   Ѵ.

    ϰ  ƴϴ.  DNS Ͽ   ߻ϴ
  ̳ ׿  ذå  ̴. ׷  e-mail
   شٸ,     DNS-HOWTO    ̴.
  money ǰ Ǵ ǹ janl@math.uio.no   ֱ ٶ.
  e-mail   ݵ ڽ e-mail ּҰ ùٸ Ȯϵ
  Ѵ.  ׷    ִٴ  翬 ̾߱  ̴.
      `` ''  о  ٶ.

   HOWTO ϰ Ѵٸ,  ˷ ֱ ٶ. ׷, 
    Ǿ     ̸  HOWTO  
  ˷    ̴.

    : ѱ ǿ  ְų  
  haneul@edunet.kmec.net  ֱ ٶϴ.

  1.3.  Anne Line Norheim Langfeldt ġ

   HOWTO Anne Line Norheim Langfeldt ģ. ׳   о
   ʰ, ׳  Ư ̴.

  2.  Ұ

  DNS Ͽ.

  DNS Domain Name System ̴.  DNS ǻ ̸ IP ּҸ
  ȣ ȯŲ.  , ̸ ּҷ, ּҸ ̸ ȯѴ.  
  HOWTO ̸ ּ  ׷   Ͽ
  ϴ  Ѵ.  ̶  ܼ  ̸ ּҸ
   ս  Ϳ  ʴ´. , ftp.linux.org  ̸
  199.249.150.4  ڷ  IP Ű ̴.

  ʺ( ;-) DNS Ʈũ   ߿  ȣ 
  Ѵ.  HOWTO DNS     Ȯϰ 
  ̴. , simple DNS ϴ   ̴.  켱 ĳ
   (Caching Only Server)    Ŀ 1 DNS(Primary
  DNS) Ͽ Ư  Name Resolving 񽺸 ϴ 
   ̴.  ڼ  ʿ 쿡   ``
  ''  ϱ ٶ.  `` ''  ʿ  ,
    о  Ѵ.     `` ''
   ξ.

  켱 ǻ͸ Ͽ Telnet  ϰ ϰ, ʿ Ʈũ
   α׷ ùٷ ۵  ֵ ǻ Ʈũ ȯ
   , telnet 127.0.0.1  ԷϿ ڱ ڽſ 
  Ǵ ȮѴ.( Ȯ!!) ׸ /etc/nsswitch.conf (Ǵ
  /etc/host.conf), /etc/resolv.conf, /etc/hosts  ùٸ Ǿ
  ־ Ѵ.  ̷ ϵ   ٸ, NET-3-HOWTO PPP-
  HOWTO  ϵ ϴ  Ǿ , ̷ ϵ
    ٸ, NET-3-HOWTO PPP-HOWTO о  Ѵ.

  ƹ ľ  `ǻ' ̾߱⸦   DNS  ǻ͸
  ϴ ̴. Ÿ ٸ ǻ͸ ϴ  ƴϹǷ ȥ ʵ
  Ѵ.

    ⺻ ǻͰ ȭ ٱʿ ֱ  ȭ
  õ  ߻ ʴ´ٰ Ѵ. ȭ   ʿ
  쿡 `` ''  Ѵ.

  Unix DNS α׷ named ϴ α׷̴.  α׷
  Internet Software Consortium  Paul Vixie   bind
  Ű Ϻκ̴.   ǿ κ Named ԵǾ 
  /usr/sbin/named ̸ ġȴ.   ǻͿ named ,
  ׳ ϸ , ǻͿ named  쿡  ftp
  Ʈ ̳ʸ ؼ   ִ. named ҽ
  ftp.isc.org:/isc/bind/src/cur/bind-8/   ִ.  HOWTO
  bind  8 ϴ   ϰ ִ. bind 4   
  HOWTO http://www.math.uio.no/~janl/DNS/   ִ.  named
   named.conf  ϸ, bind 8̴. ׷ ʰ
  named.boot ؼ ϸ bind 4̴. bind 4 쿡  
  Ƿ bind 8 ׷̵ϱ ٶ.

  DNS Ʈũ ݿ а л ͺ̽. ׷Ƿ ο
  ׸ ߰  ؾ Ѵ. ͸  ׸ ߰ϸ 
  ο ϴ  ڵ ͸ ּҸ ϰ ȴ. DNS
   ϰ ϰ ְ ϸ    ̴.   ,
   ,   . ׷ Ʈũ ߸  
  ߻  ִ ε带 ̿ Ͽ Ʈũ Ǹ  
   ̴.

      ƴ ׵  ó ̾߱ Ѵ.
  (   ̴).  ܼϰ ϱ ؼ̴.  
   ϴ ͵ ϴ´ٸ (Ƹ ;-)    
  ̴.

  Tip: ؾ ϴ ϵ   ε Ѵ.  ׷߸ 
  ۵    ϱⰡ ϴ.

  3.  ĳ   (Caching only name server)

  DNS  ù ܰ ̾ ڿ ſ ϴ.

  ĳ   (Caching only name server)   
  ã   ξٰ   ʿ   ٷ Ѵ. Ư,
   ȸ  쿡 ٸ ð  ٿ  ̴.

  켱 /etc/named.conf  ʿϴ. named ϸ鼭  
  о δ.  ܼ Ʒ  ϵ .

  ______________________________________________________________________
  // Config file for caching only name server

  options {
          directory "/var/named";

          // Uncommenting this might help if you have to go through a
          // firewall and things are not working out:

          // query-source port 53;
  };

  zone "." {
          type hint;
          file "root.hints";
  };

  zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" {
          type master;
          file "pz/127.0.0";
  };
  ______________________________________________________________________

  `directory'  𿡼 ãƾ ϴ named ˷ ش. 
   ϵ   丮   ̴. ׷Ƿ pz
  /var/named 丮  丮̴. , /var/named/pz̴.
  /var/named Linux File system Standard õ 丮̴.

  /var/named/root.hints  ̸ ⿡  ش.
  /var/named/root.hints    .

  ______________________________________________________________________
  .                       6D IN NS        G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                       6D IN NS        J.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                       6D IN NS        K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                       6D IN NS        L.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                       6D IN NS        M.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                       6D IN NS        A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                       6D IN NS        H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                       6D IN NS        B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                       6D IN NS        C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                       6D IN NS        D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                       6D IN NS        E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                       6D IN NS        I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                       6D IN NS        F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

  G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    192.112.36.4
  J.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    198.41.0.10
  K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    193.0.14.129
  L.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    198.32.64.12
  M.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    202.12.27.33
  A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    198.41.0.4
  H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    128.63.2.53
  B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    128.9.0.107
  C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    192.33.4.12
  D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    128.8.10.90
  E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    192.203.230.10
  I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    192.36.148.17
  F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    192.5.5.241
  ______________________________________________________________________

    ͳ Ʈ   ϰ ִ. ٲ 찡
  Ƿ  Ͽ Ѵ.  ֽ ϴ  `` 
  '' Ѵ.

       (zone)̴.   忡
  ϱ ϰ  ׳ pz 丮 127.0.0  .

  ______________________________________________________________________
  @               IN      SOA     ns.linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
                                  1       ; Serial
                                  8H      ; Refresh
                                  2H      ; Retry
                                  1W      ; Expire
                                  1D)     ; Minimum TTL
                          NS      ns.linux.bogus.
  1                       PTR     localhost.
  ______________________________________________________________________

  /etc/resolv.conf    Ѵ.

  ______________________________________________________________________
  search subdomain.your-domain.edu your-domain.edu
  nameserver 127.0.0.1
  ______________________________________________________________________

  `search' ڰ ȣƮ  Է 쿡 ˻ 
  Ѵ.  `nameserver'    Ÿ.  쿡
  Ӽ  ϹǷ  ǻ IP ּҸ ´.
  (127.0.0.1  ָ  .  ǻͿ ٸ IP ּҰ
   쿡  ۵Ѵ.)      Ϸ
  쿡 `nameserver'    θ ȴ. (:Named 
    ʴ´. named ̿ϴ resolver   Ѵ.)

    ۵ : Ŭ̾Ʈ foo ȸϴ  
  foo.subdomain.your-domain.edu ã´.  foo.your-fomain.edu
  ã  foo ã´.  Ŭ̾Ʈ sunsite.unc.edu ȸϴ
  쿡  sunsite.unc.edu.subdomain.your-domain.edu ã´.
  ( ûϱ  ̷ Ѵ.)  
  sunsite.unc.edu.your-domain.edu ã  sunsite.unc.edu
  ã´. search ο  ʹ  ˻ ð  
  ǹǷ search    ʴ  .

    ڰ   subdomain.your-domain.edu
  Ѵ. ׷  ǻʹ your-machine.subdomain.your-
  domain.edu  ̴.  `search' ο ڽ   TLD(Top
  Level Domain, ⼭ `edu') Ե ʵ Ѵ.  ٸ
  ο  ȣƮ   Ѵٸ ó `search' ؼ
  ߰ϴ ͵  ʴ.

  ______________________________________________________________________
  search subdomain.your-domain.edu your-domain.edu other-domain.com
  ______________________________________________________________________

   Ȱ     ϴ   Ѵ.
     (period) ٴ Ϳ Ѵ.

   ܰ libc   ణ ޶µ, /etc/nsswitch.conf
  Ǵ /etc/host.conf  Ѵ.  ϰ    
  ǻͿ nsswitch.conf     ϰ, 
  host.conf  Ѵ.

  /etc/nsswitch.conf

    ణ  Ϸ  ̳ Ÿ̽κ  
  (ȣƮ , ȣ,  ȣ, ׷ , ˸ƽ  ) 
  ͼ   Ѵ.    κп  Ƿ
  о  ϴ   ȴ.   о  ٶ.
  `hosts: ϴ  ã .    
  ̴.

  ______________________________________________________________________
  hosts:      files dns
  ______________________________________________________________________

  `hosts:' ϴ   쿡   ߰ϵ Ѵ.
  α׷ ּҸ ȸ   /etc/hosts  ˻ϰ 
  Ͽ ã ϴ  resolv.conf õ DNS ּҸ ã´.

  /etc/host.conf

       Ǵµ, order ϴ 
  ־ Ѵ. Ϲδ Ʒ ٸ ̴.

  ______________________________________________________________________
  order hosts,bind
  ______________________________________________________________________

  `order' ϴ   쿡   Ѵ.  
  /etc/hosts  ã    (resolv.conf Ͽ
  127.0.0.1 Ͽ) ּҸ ã´ٴ ǹ̴.  
  ǿ κ    resolv(8) (`man 8 resolv'
   .) ϰ ִ. That man page is IMHO readable, and
  everyone, especially DNS admins, should read it.  Do it now, if you
  say to yourself "I'll do it later" you'll never get around to it.

  3.1.  named 

   named ϸ ȴ. ȭ   쿡 켱 ȭ
  ɾ  ϵ Ѵ. `ndc start' Էϰ ͸ . ٸ
  ɼ ʿ .  ȵŸ `/usr/sbin/ndc start' Ѵ.  ׷
  ̻ϴٸ ``''  Ѵ.    ۵ϴ 
  . named ϴ  message    . 
  messages  /var/adm/messages , ΰ /var/log 찡
  , ϸ syslog 쵵 ִ.  tail -f /var/log/messages
    Ȯ  ִµ, Ȯ  Ʒ ٸ ̴.

  (`\' ٰ  Ǿ Ѵ.)

       Feb 15 01:26:17 roke named[6091]: starting.  named 8.1.1 Sat Feb 14 \
         00:18:20 MET 1998 ^Ijanl@roke.uio.no:/var/tmp/bind-8.1.1/src/bin/named
       Feb 15 01:26:17 roke named[6091]: cache zone "" (IN) loaded (serial 0)
       Feb 15 01:26:17 roke named[6091]: master zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" \
         (IN) loaded (serial 1)
       Feb 15 01:26:17 roke named[6091]: listening [127.0.0.1].53 (lo)
       Feb 15 01:26:17 roke named[6091]: listening [129.240.230.92].53 (ippp0)
       Feb 15 01:26:17 roke named[6091]: Forwarding source address is [0.0.0.0].1040
       Feb 15 01:26:17 roke named[6092]: Ready to answer queries.

   ޽ ̸ ߰  Ǽ ִٴ ̴.   
  Ǽ ϸ(named.conf root.hints ̴) named  
  ̴. named ̰   Ѵ.

   nslookup named  ۵ϴ  ̴.

       $ nslookup
       Default Server:  localhost
       Address:  127.0.0.1

       >

   ٸ   ̴. ׷⸦ ٶ. ׷ ʴٸ ó
  ٽ ˻Ѵ. named.conf   ndc restart  named
  ۽Ѿ Ѵ.

    Է  ִ. ó ִ ǻ͸ ã . Oslo
  п ִ pat.uio.no ڿԴ pat.uio.no .

       > pat.uio.no
       Server:  localhost
       Address:  127.0.0.1

       Name:    pat.uio.no
       Address:  129.240.130.16

  nslookup   named pat.uio.no ǻ͸ ã
  ûߴ. ׷ named root.hints Ͽ ִ    ϳ
      ޾Ҵ. /etc/resolv.conf   ε 
  ˻ϱ  ׸ŭ ð ɸ ̴.

  Ȱ û ٽ Ѵٸ  ó  ̴.

       > pat.uio.no
       Server:  localhost
       Address:  127.0.0.1

       Non-authoritative answer:
       Name:    pat.uio.no
       Address:  129.240.2.50

  `Non-authoritative answer:' ο .    ܺη 
  ʰ  ĳø ˻Ͽ ã  Ѵ.  ׷ ĳÿ  ִ
   Ǿ δ  쵵 ִ.  ׷  
  `Non-authorative answer:'  ش.   ȣƮ   °
    nslookup  ޽  شٸ, named  ĳÿ
  Ͽٰ Ѵٴ ̴. ,  ۵Ѵٴ ̴.
  `exit ԷϿ nslookup Ѵ.

   ĳ  DNS(Caching Only DNS)   ˾Ҵ. ϴ
   ֳ   ϴ  ?

  4.   ѹ  .

   ϴ  

  4.1.   ˾ƾ ϴ ͵

    ϱ  DNS  ϴ ణ ̷
  ϰڴ.  о θ   Ǳ   д  .
  а  ʴ  Ⱦ  ؾ Ѵ.  ° named.conf
   ʹ ڼ о  ؾ Ѵ.

  DNS  ý̴. ֻ  `.'  `Ʈ'
  Ѵ.  `.' Ʒ ORG, COM, EDU, NET  ֻ (TLDs: Top
  Level Domains) ִ.

   ǻ͸ ã ,   ֻ  Ͽ 
   ã  . prep.ai.mit.edu ã   
   edu  ϴ   ãƾ Ѵ. ׷ .
   ϰ ǰ ׷ .  edu    
  Ѱ ش. (̹ .  ؼ    ˰ ִ.
  ֳϸ, root.hints Ͽ  ־ ̴.)

       $ nslookup
       Default Server:  localhost
       Address:  127.0.0.1

  Ʈ   

       > server c.root-servers.net.
       Default Server:  c.root-servers.net
       Address:  192.33.4.12

    NS  (name server records):

       > set q=ns

  edu  

  > edu.

  ⿡  ĭ . ߿ѵ, . Ʒ ִ edu ο 
  ϰ  Ѵ. (̷ ν ˻  Ѵ.)

       edu     nameserver = A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
       edu     nameserver = H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
       edu     nameserver = B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
       edu     nameserver = C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
       edu     nameserver = D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
       edu     nameserver = E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
       edu     nameserver = I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
       edu     nameserver = F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
       edu     nameserver = G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
       A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET      internet address = 198.41.0.4
       H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET      internet address = 128.63.2.53
       B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET      internet address = 128.9.0.107
       C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET      internet address = 192.33.4.12
       D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET      internet address = 128.8.10.90
       E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET      internet address = 192.203.230.10
       I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET      internet address = 192.36.148.17
       F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET      internet address = 192.5.5.241
       G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET      internet address = 192.112.36.4

    *.root-servers.net edu.     ִ. 
  ؼ c    ִ.  ̹   mit.edu.
   ϴ ˾ . ؼ Ʒ  mit.edu.
  ԷѴ.

       > mit.edu.
       Server:  c.root-servers.net
       Address:  192.33.4.12

       Non-authoritative answer:
       mit.edu nameserver = W20NS.mit.edu
       mit.edu nameserver = BITSY.mit.edu
       mit.edu nameserver = STRAWB.mit.edu

       Authoritative answers can be found from:
       W20NS.mit.edu   internet address = 18.70.0.160
       BITSY.mit.edu   internet address = 18.72.0.3
       STRAWB.mit.edu  internet address = 18.71.0.151

  steawb, w20ns bitsy  mit Ѵ.    ϳ Ͽ
  ai.mit.edu   .

       > server W20NS.mit.edu.

  ȣƮ ҹڸ  ʴ´. ٸ 콺 ȭ ܾ
  ٿ ̷ δ.

       Server:  W20NS.mit.edu
       Address:  18.70.0.160

       > ai.mit.edu.
       Server:  W20NS.mit.edu
       Address:  18.70.0.160

       Non-authoritative answer:
       ai.mit.edu      nameserver = ALPHA-BITS.AI.MIT.EDU
       ai.mit.edu      nameserver = GRAPE-NUTS.AI.MIT.EDU
       ai.mit.edu      nameserver = TRIX.AI.MIT.EDU
       ai.mit.edu      nameserver = MUESLI.AI.MIT.EDU
       ai.mit.edu      nameserver = LIFE.AI.MIT.EDU
       ai.mit.edu      nameserver = BEET-CHEX.AI.MIT.EDU
       ai.mit.edu      nameserver = MINI-WHEATS.AI.MIT.EDU
       ai.mit.edu      nameserver = COUNT-CHOCULA.AI.MIT.EDU
       ai.mit.edu      nameserver = MINTAKA.LCS.MIT.EDU

       Authoritative answers can be found from:
       AI.MIT.EDU      nameserver = ALPHA-BITS.AI.MIT.EDU
       AI.MIT.EDU      nameserver = GRAPE-NUTS.AI.MIT.EDU
       AI.MIT.EDU      nameserver = TRIX.AI.MIT.EDU
       AI.MIT.EDU      nameserver = MUESLI.AI.MIT.EDU
       AI.MIT.EDU      nameserver = LIFE.AI.MIT.EDU
       AI.MIT.EDU      nameserver = BEET-CHEX.AI.MIT.EDU
       AI.MIT.EDU      nameserver = MINI-WHEATS.AI.MIT.EDU
       AI.MIT.EDU      nameserver = COUNT-CHOCULA.AI.MIT.EDU
       AI.MIT.EDU      nameserver = MINTAKA.LCS.MIT.EDU
       ALPHA-BITS.AI.MIT.EDU   internet address = 128.52.32.5
       GRAPE-NUTS.AI.MIT.EDU   internet address = 128.52.36.4
       TRIX.AI.MIT.EDU internet address = 128.52.37.6
       MUESLI.AI.MIT.EDU       internet address = 128.52.39.7
       LIFE.AI.MIT.EDU internet address = 128.52.32.80
       BEET-CHEX.AI.MIT.EDU    internet address = 128.52.32.22
       MINI-WHEATS.AI.MIT.EDU  internet address = 128.52.54.11
       COUNT-CHOCULA.AI.MIT.EDU        internet address = 128.52.38.22
       MINTAKA.LCS.MIT.EDU     internet address = 18.26.0.36

    museli.ai.mit.edu ai.mit.edu    
  ϳ   ִ.  Ʒ   .

       > server MUESLI.AI.MIT.EDU
       Default Server:  MUESLI.AI.MIT.EDU
       Address:  128.52.39.7

    ãǷ    ٲ㼭 prep.ai.mit.edu 
     .

       > set q=any
       > prep.ai.mit.edu.
       Server:  MUESLI.AI.MIT.EDU
       Address:  128.52.39.7

       prep.ai.mit.edu CPU = dec/decstation-5000.25    OS = unix
       prep.ai.mit.edu
               inet address = 18.159.0.42, protocol = tcp
                 ftp  telnet  smtp  finger
       prep.ai.mit.edu preference = 1, mail exchanger = gnu-life.ai.mit.edu
       prep.ai.mit.edu internet address = 18.159.0.42
       ai.mit.edu      nameserver = beet-chex.ai.mit.edu
       ai.mit.edu      nameserver = alpha-bits.ai.mit.edu
       ai.mit.edu      nameserver = mini-wheats.ai.mit.edu
       ai.mit.edu      nameserver = trix.ai.mit.edu
       ai.mit.edu      nameserver = muesli.ai.mit.edu
       ai.mit.edu      nameserver = count-chocula.ai.mit.edu
       ai.mit.edu      nameserver = mintaka.lcs.mit.edu
       ai.mit.edu      nameserver = life.ai.mit.edu
       gnu-life.ai.mit.edu     internet address = 128.52.32.60
       beet-chex.ai.mit.edu    internet address = 128.52.32.22
       alpha-bits.ai.mit.edu   internet address = 128.52.32.5
       mini-wheats.ai.mit.edu  internet address = 128.52.54.11
       trix.ai.mit.edu internet address = 128.52.37.6
       muesli.ai.mit.edu       internet address = 128.52.39.7
       count-chocula.ai.mit.edu        internet address = 128.52.38.22
       mintaka.lcs.mit.edu     internet address = 18.26.0.36
       life.ai.mit.edu internet address = 128.52.32.80

  ̷ ؼ .κ ؼ   ϴ ܰ 
    ãҴ. ٸ   ʰ  DNS
   ߴٸ  named 翬    
  ξ ̴.  ׸ а  Ǹ   ̴.

   ŷе  ߿  in-addr.arpa ̴.   
     Ѵ.  in-addr.arpa ȣƮ ּҸ ˰ 
    ̸ ˷ش. ⼭ ؾ   in-addr.arpa
  ο ip ڵ  Ѵٴ ̴. 192.128.52.43
  ǻ ּҸ ˰ ִ , prep.ai.mit.edu ó 'named'
  arpa.  ã´.   in-addr.arpa.  ã, 192.in-
  addr.arpa.  ã , 128.192.in-addr.arpa.  ãƼ
  52.128.192.in-addr.arpa.  ã´. ׸ 43.52.128.192.in-
  addr.arpa. شϴ ׸ ã´.  ȶ?(׷ٰ ϱ... )
  ڸ  ϴ  ó 2  ȥ  ִ.

   ڴ ݱ  ߴ. DNS ڰ ̾߱  ״
  ۵ ʴ´. ׷  ǹ̴ ϴ.

  4.2.    .

   ϰԶ ѹ   . linux.bogus
   ϰ ױ⿡  ǻ͵ ̸  ̴.  
   ȥ ʵ δ  ʴ  
  ̴.

  ϱ  ϳ :  ڸ ȣƮ   ִ 
  ƴϴ.  : a-z, : 0-9, ׸ '-' (dash) ڸ  
  ִ.   ڵ ϶. 빮ڳ ҹڳ DNSԴ .
  ׷ pat.uio.no Pat.UiO.No ϴ.
  named.conf Ʒ κ    ̹ ߴ.

  ______________________________________________________________________
  zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" {
          type master;
          file "pz/127.0.0";
  };
  ______________________________________________________________________

   Ͽ    `.'  .   
   ù°  0.0.127.in-addr.arpa (zone)   ϰ,
  ι°    0.0.127.in-addr.arpa   
  ϸ,   ȣƮ IP ּ    ps/127.0.0
  Ͽ Ǿ  Ѵ.  ps/127.0.0 Ͽ ؼ ̹
  Ͽ.   .

  ______________________________________________________________________
  @               IN      SOA     ns.linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
                                  1       ; Serial
                                  8H      ; Refresh
                                  2H      ; Retry
                                  1W      ; Expire
                                  1D)     ; Minimum TTL
                          NS      ns.linux.bogus.
  1                       PTR     localhost.
  ______________________________________________________________________

   named.conf ϰ   Ͽ  θ(full
  domain name)   `.'  .  Some people like to
  start each zone file with a $ORIGIN directive, but this is
  superfluous. The origin (where in the DNS hierarchy it belongs) of a
  zone file is specified on the zone section of the named.conf file, in
  this case it's 0.0.127.in-addr.arpa.

   `(zone) ' `resource records' (RRs) 3 ִ. SOA, NS,
  ׸ PTR̴. SOA `Start Of Authority' ̴. `@'
  origin ϴ Ư̴.  Ͽ  `' ׸
  0.0.127.in-addr.arpa ̹Ƿ ù ǹ̴  .

       0.0.127.in-addr.arpa.   IN      SOA ...

  NS   RR̴.  ٿ ó '@' ڰ . ٷ 
  Ÿ ϰ..  ׷Ƿ NS   .

       0.0.127.in-addr.arpa.   IN      NS      ns.linux.bogus

  0.0.127.in-addr.arpa    ns.linux.bogus ٸ
  DNS鿡 ˷ ش. 'ns'   ̸ ó δ.
  ׷  ̸  www.something̵ ٸ ̸
  ϴ ͵ ϴ.

   PTR ׸ 0.0.127.in-addr.arpa ݿ ּҰ 1
  ȣƮ,  127.0.0,1 ̸ localhost Ѵ.

  SOA ׸   Ӹ   ϸ  ϳ, ùٿ ݵ
  ־߸ Ѵ.  ׸  ϰ ִ Primary   ̸
   (ns.linux.bogus), ڴ ,
  (hostmaster@linux.bogus),     Ǵ (serial: 1),
  ĳ  secondary DNS    Ѵ.   ׸
  refresh, retry, expire, ׸ minimumε,    
  ϸ, ũ Ű澲 ʾƵ  ۵ ̴.

   ndc restart  named ϰ nslookup ݱ
     .

       $ nslookup

       Default Server:  localhost
       Address:  127.0.0.1

       > 127.0.0.1
       Server:  localhost
       Address:  127.0.0.1

       Name:    localhost
       Address:  127.0.0.1

   IP 127.0.0.1 ε ȣƮ localhost ãµ ߴ.
     named.conf (zone)  ߰Ͽ 츮 ָ
  linux.bogus   .

  ______________________________________________________________________
  zone "linux.bogus" {
          notify no;
          type master;
          file "pz/linux.bogus";
  };
  ______________________________________________________________________

  named.conf Ͽ    `.' ٴ Ϳ ϵ
  Ѵ.

  linux.bogus  Ͽ 100%  Ÿ  ̴.

  ______________________________________________________________________
  ;
  ; Zone file for linux.bogus
  ;
  ; The full zone file
  ;
  @       IN      SOA     ns.linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
                          199802151       ; serial, todays date + todays serial #
                          8H              ; refresh, seconds
                          2H              ; retry, seconds
                          1W              ; expire, seconds
                          1D )            ; minimum, seconds
  ;
                  NS      ns              ; Inet Address of name server
                  MX      10 mail.linux.bogus     ; Primary Mail Exchanger
                  MX      20 mail.friend.bogus.   ; Secondary Mail Exchanger
  ;
  localhost       A       127.0.0.1
  ns              A       192.168.196.2
  mail            A       192.168.196.4
  ______________________________________________________________________

  SOA ׸񿡼 2 ؾ Ѵ. ns.linux.bogus A ڵ尡 ִ
   ǻ̾ Ѵ.  SOA ڵ忡 ޵ ǻ͸ ٸ ǻͷ
  ˸ƽϴ CNAME ڵ尡  Ģ ߳. ̸ `ns'
  ʿ  ٸ ȣƮ ص ϴ. ,
  hostmaster.linux.bogus hostmaster@linux.bogus  ȴ. DNS
    ˸ƽ Ϲڽ ϴ ̴.  
     ּҷ ޵ȴ.  ̸ `hostmaster' ʿ .
  ڿ ּҶ   ص , `hostmaster'
  ϴ ͵  ʴ.

   Ͽ MX(Mail eXchanger) ο RR  ִ.
  someone@linux.bogus ּҷ   ó  ý
  Ѵ.    someone@linux.bogus ּҷ ŵǴ 
  mail.linux.bogus Ǵ mail.friend.bogus . ȣƮ ٷ տ
  ִ ڴ MX ׸ 켱  Ѵ.   ڰ 
  (⼭ 10) RR  . ⼭ ϸ ڰ 
    ι°   , 켱  20
  mail.friend.bogus  ̴.

  ndc restart 'named'   nslookup  Ȯ.

  $ nslookup
  > set q=any
  > linux.bogus
  Server:  localhost
  Address:  127.0.0.1

  linux.bogus
          origin = ns.linux.bogus
          mail addr = hostmaster.linux.bogus
          serial = 199802151
          refresh = 28800 (8 hours)
          retry   = 7200 (2 hours)
          expire  = 604800 (7 days)
          minimum ttl = 86400 (1 day)
  linux.bogus     nameserver = ns.linux.bogus
  linux.bogus     preference = 10, mail exchanger = mail.linux.bogus.linux.bogus
  linux.bogus     preference = 20, mail exchanger = mail.friend.bogus
  linux.bogus     nameserver = ns.linux.bogus
  ns.linux.bogus  internet address = 192.168.196.2
  mail.linux.bogus        internet address = 192.168.196.4

     캸 ׸ ã   ̴.

       linux.bogus     preference = 10, mail exchanger = mail.linux.bogus.linux.bogus

    Ʋȴ.   µǾ ̴.

       linux.bogus     preference = 10, mail exchanger = mail.linux.bogus

        ֵ  κп Ǽ Ϻη ־
  ξ. ;-)  Ͽ   ã .

                       MX      10 mail.linux.bogus     ; Primary Mail Exchanger

    . ġ  `linux.bogus' پ  ȴ.
   Ͽ ȣƮ   
  linux.bogus.linux.bogusó origin ÷εȴ. ׷Ƿ

  ______________________________________________________________________
                  MX      10 mail.linux.bogus.    ; Primary Mail Exchanger
  ______________________________________________________________________

  Ǵ

  ______________________________________________________________________
                  MX      10 mail                 ; Primary Mail Exchanger
  ______________________________________________________________________

   ϴ  ùٸ. ڴ Ÿ   ڸ  Ѵ.
  bind  ƴ ڵ ߿ ⿡  ʴ  ְ,
  ϴ  ִ.   Ͽ  `.'  
  ų ƴϸ Ʈ origin شϴ κ  ƾ Ѵ.

  ϰǵ named.conf Ͽ    `.'  Ѵ.
  `.' ְ  󸶳  ̰   ȥ
     ̴.

    ذ ݿ ο   ִ. ڷᰡ ణ .

  ______________________________________________________________________
  ;
  ; Zone file for linux.bogus
  ;
  ; The full zone file
  ;
  @       IN      SOA     ns.linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
                          199802151       ; serial, todays date + todays serial #
                          8H              ; refresh, seconds
                          2H              ; retry, seconds
                          1W              ; expire, seconds
                          1D )            ; minimum, seconds
  ;
                  TXT     "Linux.Bogus, your DNS consultants"
                  NS      ns              ; Inet Address of name server
                  NS      ns.friend.bogus.
                  MX      10 mail         ; Primary Mail Exchanger
                  MX      20 mail.friend.bogus. ; Secondary Mail Exchanger

  localhost       A       127.0.0.1

  gw              A       192.168.196.1
                  HINFO   "Cisco" "IOS"
                  TXT     "The router"

  ns              A       192.168.196.2
                  MX      10 mail
                  MX      20 mail.friend.bogus.
                  HINFO   "Pentium" "Linux 2.0"
  www             CNAME   ns

  donald          A       192.168.196.3
                  MX      10 mail
                  MX      20 mail.friend.bogus.
                  HINFO   "i486"  "Linux 2.0"
                  TXT     "DEK"

  mail            A       192.168.196.4
                  MX      10 mail
                  MX      20 mail.friend.bogus.
                  HINFO   "386sx" "Linux 1.2"

  ftp             A       192.168.196.5
                  MX      10 mail
                  MX      20 mail.friend.bogus.
                  HINFO   "P6" "Linux 2.1.86"
  ______________________________________________________________________

   ο RR   ִ. HINFO(Host INFOrmation)  κ
  ̷ξ ִµ  ūǥ ѷ δ  . պκ ǻ
  ϵ Ǵ CPU ̴. ι° κ Ʈ Ǵ OS ̴.
  `ns' ǻʹ Pentium CPU Linux 2.0 Ѵ. CNAME(Canonical
  NAME) ǻ ϳ ̸   οϴ ̴. ׷Ƿ www
  ns  ˸ƽ̴.

  CNAME ڵ  ణ   ִ. ׷  Ģ
   ϴ. MX, CNAME, SOA ׸ CNAME ڵʹ 
   ƾ ϰ, A ׸ ִ  ٸͰ Ͽ Ѵ. ,
   ߸  ̴.

  ______________________________________________________________________
  foobar          CNAME   www                     ; NO!
  ______________________________________________________________________

  Ʒ  ϴ  ùٸ.

  ______________________________________________________________________
  foobar          CNAME   ns                      ; Yes!
  ______________________________________________________________________

   CNAME ڿ ּҷ ٶ ȣƮ ƴ϶ ϴ
   ϴ. , webmaster@www.linux.bogus  ߳ ڿ
  ̴ּ.       ϰ  
   . ̸  A ڵ(Ǵ MX  ڵ) 
  Ѵ.

  ______________________________________________________________________
  www             A       192.168.196.2
  ______________________________________________________________________

   bind  CNAME    Ѵ. ׷Ƿ
   ʴ Ϳ   ϰ  .

  ׷ е ˵,  Ͽ ׷  Ʈ  Ģ
   ʴ´.

  ndc reload ͺ̽  о . ndc reload ϸ
  named ϵ ٽ д´.

       $ nslookup
       Default Server:  localhost
       Address:  127.0.0.1

       > ls -d linux.bogus

  ̴  ڵ尡 µǾ  Ѵ .   .

  [localhost]
  $ORIGIN linux.bogus.
  @                       1D IN SOA       ns hostmaster (
                                          199802151       ; serial
                                          8H              ; refresh
                                          2H              ; retry
                                          1W              ; expiry
                                          1D )            ; minimum

                          1D IN NS        ns
                          1D IN NS        ns.friend.bogus.
                          1D IN TXT       "Linux.Bogus, your DNS consultants"
                          1D IN MX        10 mail
                          1D IN MX        20 mail.friend.bogus.
  gw                      1D IN A         192.168.196.1
                          1D IN HINFO     "Cisco" "IOS"
                          1D IN TXT       "The router"
  mail                    1D IN A         192.168.196.4
                          1D IN MX        10 mail
                          1D IN MX        20 mail.friend.bogus.
                          1D IN HINFO     "386sx" "Linux 1.0.9"
  localhost               1D IN A         127.0.0.1
  www                     1D IN CNAME     ns
  donald                  1D IN A         192.168.196.3
                          1D IN MX        10 mail
                          1D IN MX        20 mail.friend.bogus.
                          1D IN HINFO     "i486" "Linux 1.2"
                          1D IN TXT       "DEK"
  ftp                     1D IN A         192.168.196.5
                          1D IN MX        10 mail
                          1D IN MX        20 mail.friend.bogus.
                          1D IN HINFO     "P6" "Linux 1.3.59"
  ns                      1D IN A         192.168.196.2
                          1D IN MX        10 mail
                          1D IN MX        20 mail.friend.bogus.
                          1D IN HINFO     "Pentium" "Linux 1.2"
  @                       1D IN SOA       ns hostmaster (
                                          199802151       ; serial
                                          8H              ; refresh
                                          2H              ; retry
                                          1W              ; expiry
                                          1D )            ; minimum

    ٸ ̴.   ٷ  ϰ ϰ δ.
  www ؼ  ϴ Ȯ .

       > set q=any
       > www.linux.bogus.
       Server:  localhost
       Address:  127.0.0.1

       www.linux.bogus canonical name = ns.linux.bogus
       linux.bogus     nameserver = ns.linux.bogus
       linux.bogus     nameserver = ns.friend.bogus
       ns.linux.bogus  internet address = 192.168.196.2

  ޸ ǥڸ, www.linux.bogus  ̸ ns.linux.bogus̴.
   ns   Բ ȯ ֱ  α׷  
  ̿Ͽ ns(www̱⵵ )   ִ.

      Ͽ.

  4.3.  ȯ (The reverse zone)

   Ŭ̾Ʈ α׷ linux.bogu  ȣƮ ̸
  ּҷ ȯϿ ϴ ǻͿ   ִ.  ׷, ȯ 
  Ǿ DNS ּҸ ̸ ȯ  ִ.  FTP, IRC, WWW 
  پ   ǻͿ   , Ѵٸ 
  켱    ϴ  ٷ ȣƮ Ѵ.  ׷Ƿ
  ȯ  Ǿ ־߸ ش  ǻͰ  ͳ
  񽺸 ϰ   ִ.

  Ʒ  named.conf Ͽ .

  ______________________________________________________________________
  zone "196.168.192.in-addr.arpa" {
          notify no;
          type master;
          file "pz/192.168.196";
  };
  ______________________________________________________________________

  0.0.127.in-addr.arpa ϴ. 뵵 ϴ.

  ______________________________________________________________________
  @       IN      SOA     ns.linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
                          199802151 ; Serial, todays date + todays serial
                          8H      ; Refresh
                          2H      ; Retry
                          1W      ; Expire
                          1D)     ; Minimum TTL
                  NS      ns.linux.bogus.

  1               PTR     gw.linux.bogus.
  2               PTR     ns.linux.bogus.
  3               PTR     donald.linux.bogus.
  4               PTR     mail.linux.bogus.
  5               PTR     ftp.linux.bogus.
  ______________________________________________________________________

    named (ndc restart)ϰ nslookup ݱ
    Ȯ .

  ______________________________________________________________________
  > 192.168.196.4
  Server:  localhost
  Address:  127.0.0.1

  Name:    mail.linux.bogus
  Address:  192.168.196.4
  ______________________________________________________________________

     ̸, Ȯλ ü  .

  ______________________________________________________________________
  > ls -d 196.168.192.in-addr.arpa
  [localhost]
  $ORIGIN 196.168.192.in-addr.arpa.
  @                       1D IN SOA       ns.linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
                                          199802151       ; serial
                                          8H              ; refresh
                                          2H              ; retry
                                          1W              ; expiry
                                          1D )            ; minimum

                          1D IN NS        ns.linux.bogus.
  1                       1D IN PTR       gw.linux.bogus.
  2                       1D IN PTR       ns.linux.bogus.
  3                       1D IN PTR       donald.linux.bogus.
  4                       1D IN PTR       mail.linux.bogus.
  5                       1D IN PTR       ftp.linux.bogus.
  @                       1D IN SOA       ns.linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
                                          199802151       ; serial
                                          8H              ; refresh
                                          2H              ; retry
                                          1W              ; expiry
                                          1D )            ; minimum
  ______________________________________________________________________

  Ϳ, ̴!

  ⿡ ؾ   ణ ִ.    IP ڵ
  'private nets' ߿ ϳ  ̴. ׷Ƿ ͳݿ 
   Ǿ ȵȴ. ׷ HOWTO  ϴ 
  ϴ.  ι° notify no; ̴. ̰ 'named'   ϵ
  ߿ ϳ ŵǾ  secondary(slave)  ˸ ʵ
  Ѵ. bind-8   ŵǾ   Ͽ  NS
  ڵ  'named' ˷  ִ.   DNS 
          ̴. 츮
   ͳ ų   ?

  ݱ  ε  ̰,  ּҵ鵵  ϴ
  ּҰ ƴϴ.      ϶.

  5.     

  ⿡      ٷ ̴.

  ڵ   Բ  ǰ ִ  
     ߴ.

  LAND-5 David Bullock  Ͽ Ʒ  Ѵ.  ϵ
  1996 9 24Ͽ . bind-8 ǿ ° Ͽ ڰ 
   ȮϿ Ͽ. ׷Ƿ  LAND-5   
  Ѵٸ ⼭ʹ  ٸ    ̴.

  5.1.  /etc/named.conf (Ǵ /var/named/named.conf)

  ⼭ 127.0.0  LAND-5 206.6.177 ݿ ʿ ȯ  
     캸. ׸ lang-5.com   .  
  Ͽ ڴ pz  丮 ϵ ξ ״ zonezone
  ̶ 丮 ΰ  .

  ______________________________________________________________________
  // Boot file for LAND-5 name server

  options {
          directory "/var/named";
  };

  zone "." {
          type hint;
          file "root.hints";
  };

  zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" {
          type master;
          file "zone/127.0.0";
  };

  zone "land-5.com" {
          type master;
          file "zone/land-5.com";
  };

  zone "177.6.206.in-addr.arpa" {
          type master;
          file "zone/206.6.177";
  };
  ______________________________________________________________________

     named.conf ־ ׽Ʈ 쿡, 
  Ͼ ʵ lang-5  ȯ    notify no;  ݵ
  ־.

  5.2.  /var/named/root.hints

     ϶. ׷Ƿ    
  ̴.   Ǿ dig    ϴ  ξ
   ̴.

  ______________________________________________________________________
  ; <<>> DiG 8.1 <<>> @A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  ; (1 server found)
  ;; res options: init recurs defnam dnsrch
  ;; got answer:
  ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 10
  ;; flags: qr aa rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 13, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 13
  ;; QUERY SECTION:
  ;;      ., type = NS, class = IN

  ;; ANSWER SECTION:
  .                       6D IN NS        G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                       6D IN NS        J.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                       6D IN NS        K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                       6D IN NS        L.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                       6D IN NS        M.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                       6D IN NS        A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                       6D IN NS        H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                       6D IN NS        B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                       6D IN NS        C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                       6D IN NS        D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                       6D IN NS        E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                       6D IN NS        I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                       6D IN NS        F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

  ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
  G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    192.112.36.4
  J.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    198.41.0.10
  K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    193.0.14.129
  L.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    198.32.64.12
  M.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    202.12.27.33
  A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    198.41.0.4
  H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    128.63.2.53
  B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    128.9.0.107
  C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    192.33.4.12
  D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    128.8.10.90
  E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    192.203.230.10
  I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    192.36.148.17
  F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    192.5.5.241

  ;; Total query time: 215 msec
  ;; FROM: roke.uio.no to SERVER: A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.  198.41.0.4
  ;; WHEN: Sun Feb 15 01:22:51 1998
  ;; MSG SIZE  sent: 17  rcvd: 436
  ______________________________________________________________________

  5.3.  /var/named/zone/127.0.0

  ⺻ ʼ ڵ SOA ڵ尡 ʿϸ, 127.0.0.1
  localhost  ִ ڵ尡 ʿϴ.   ͵  Ͽ
  ־ ȵȴ.  Ӽ ٲų hostmaster  ּҰ ٲ
  ʴ     ʿ䰡 .

  ______________________________________________________________________
  @               IN      SOA     land-5.com. root.land-5.com. (
                                  199609203       ; Serial
                                  28800   ; Refresh
                                  7200    ; Retry
                                  604800  ; Expire
                                  86400)  ; Minimum TTL
                          NS      land-5.com.

  1                       PTR     localhost.
  ______________________________________________________________________

  5.4.  /var/named/zone/land-5.com

  ʼ ڵ SOA ڵ尡 ʿϸ, NS ڵ嵵 ʿϴ.  secondary
    ns2.psi.net  ˼ ִ.     ׻
  Ʈ ۿ ־ Ѵ.  پ ͳ 񽺸 ϴ 
  ȣƮ lang-5 ξ, ׷ ó CNAME ذϰ  
   ִ. (A ڵ带   ִ.)

  SOA ׸񿡼   ֵ,   origin land-5.com̸ ڴ
  root@land-5.com̴.  hostmaster  ּҷ  Ǵ
  ̴.  ø ѹ Ƿ yyyymmdd Ŀ ׳ ø ѹ
  δ. Ʒ  Ƹ    1996 9 20Ͽ 6°
    ̴. ø ѹ ѹθ ؾ 
  . ⼭ ׳ ø ѹ ڸ. ׷Ƿ 9
  ϰ   Ϸ  ٷ  ̴.  ڸ
   .

  ______________________________________________________________________
  @       IN      SOA     land-5.com. root.land-5.com. (
                          199609206       ; serial, todays date + todays serial #
                          8H              ; refresh, seconds
                          2H              ; retry, seconds
                          1W              ; expire, seconds
                          1D )            ; minimum, seconds
                  NS      land-5.com.
                  NS      ns2.psi.net.
                  MX      10 land-5.com.  ; Primary Mail Exchanger

  localhost       A       127.0.0.1

  router          A       206.6.177.1

  land-5.com.     A       206.6.177.2
  ns              A       206.6.177.3
  www             A       207.159.141.192

  ftp             CNAME   land-5.com.
  mail            CNAME   land-5.com.
  news            CNAME   land-5.com.

  funn            A       206.6.177.2
  @               TXT     "LAND-5 Corporation"

  ;
  ;       Workstations
  ;
  ws-177200       A       206.6.177.200
                  MX      10 land-5.com.   ; Primary Mail Host
  ws-177201       A       206.6.177.201
                  MX      10 land-5.com.   ; Primary Mail Host
  ws-177202       A       206.6.177.202
                  MX      10 land-5.com.   ; Primary Mail Host
  ws-177203       A       206.6.177.203
                  MX      10 land-5.com.   ; Primary Mail Host
  ws-177204       A       206.6.177.204
                  MX      10 land-5.com.   ; Primary Mail Host
  ws-177205       A       206.6.177.205
                  MX      10 land-5.com.   ; Primary Mail Host
  ; {Many repetitive definitions deleted - SNIP}
  ws-177250       A       206.6.177.250
                  MX      10 land-5.com.   ; Primary Mail Host
  ws-177251       A       206.6.177.251
                  MX      10 land-5.com.   ; Primary Mail Host
  ws-177252       A       206.6.177.252
                  MX      10 land-5.com.   ; Primary Mail Host
  ws-177253       A       206.6.177.253
                  MX      10 land-5.com.   ; Primary Mail Host
  ws-177254       A       206.6.177.254
                  MX      10 land-5.com.   ; Primary Mail Host
  ______________________________________________________________________

  land-5   Ȯ  ˰ ȣƮ ws_number
   Ǿ ִ.   bind 4  named  ,
  ȣƮ   ִ    ؼϿ.  ׷
  bind-8 ۵ Ƿ '_'(underline) 

   ϳ ָ  ̼ǵ  ̸  IP  
  κκ ̸ Ѵٴ ̴. ̷ ʴ   
  ܼȭ  ִ.   ΰ̶  ̿ Ҹ 
  ɼ ִ.

   funn.land-5.com land-5.com  ˸ƽ   ִ.
  ׷ CNAME ׸ ƴ A ׸ Ѵ.

  5.5.  /var/named/zone/206.6.177

   Ͽ ؼ  Ŀ  ̴.

  ______________________________________________________________________
  @               IN      SOA     land-5.com. root.land-5.com. (
                                  199609206       ; Serial
                                  28800   ; Refresh
                                  7200    ; Retry
                                  604800  ; Expire
                                  86400)  ; Minimum TTL
                          NS      land-5.com.
                          NS      ns2.psi.net.
  ;
  ;       Servers
  ;
  1       PTR     router.land-5.com.
  2       PTR     land-5.com.
  2       PTR     funn.land-5.com.
  ;
  ;       Workstations
  ;
  200     PTR     ws-177200.land-5.com.
  201     PTR     ws-177201.land-5.com.
  202     PTR     ws-177202.land-5.com.
  203     PTR     ws-177203.land-5.com.
  204     PTR     ws-177204.land-5.com.
  205     PTR     ws-177205.land-5.com.
  ; {Many repetitive definitions deleted - SNIP}
  250     PTR     ws-177250.land-5.com.
  251     PTR     ws-177251.land-5.com.
  252     PTR     ws-177252.land-5.com.
  253     PTR     ws-177253.land-5.com.
  254     PTR     ws-177254.land-5.com.
  ______________________________________________________________________

  ȯ  糭 κ 糭 Ű  κ δ.
  ȯ  ǻ IP ּҸ    ȣƮ ãµ ȴ.
  :  ǻͰ IRC ̰ IRC Ŭ̾Ʈ  Ѵ.
  ׷  ǻʹ 븣   IRC  븣̿ ٸ
  ĭٳ ݵ  ִ Ŭ̾Ʈ   ϰ ʹ.
  Ŭ̾Ʈκ   C ̺귯 ϴ Ŭ̾Ʈ
  ǻ IP ּҸ ˷  ִ. Ʈ   Ŷ
  Ŭ̾Ʈ ǻ IP ּҰ ԵǾ ֱ ̴.   IRC
   ־ IP ּҷ ȣƮ ã gethostbyaddr Լ ȣ 
  ִ. Gethostbyaddr Լ DNS  ã ̴. ׸ ǻ͸
  ã ظ Ѵ. ws-177200.land-5.com Ŭ̾Ʈ ߴٰ
  ϸ C ̺귯 IRC  ǳ״ IP ּҴ
  206.6.177.200̴.  ǻ ȣƮ ã 200.177.6.206.in-
  addr.arpa ãƾ Ѵ. DNS   arpa.  ã´. ׷
   in-addr.arpa. ,   206,   6,
   land-5 177.6.206.in-addr.arpa zone ϴ 
  ã´. ű⼭ ħ  200.177.6.206.in-addr.arpa ּҿ `PTR
  ws-177200.land-5.com'̶ ڵ尡 εǾ ִٴ   
  ִ.   ǹ̴ 206.6.177.200 ȣƮ ws-177200.land-5.com̶
   Ѵ.  prep.ai.mit.edu     㱸
  .

  IRC   ư.  IRC  *.no, *.se, *.dk 
  ĭٳ ݵ ֺ Ӹ ϰ Ѵ.
  ws-177200.land-5.com ش  Ƿ  ź ̴. in-
  addr.arpa  206.2.177.200 ȯ (reverse mapping) ٸ
   ̸ ˼  ̰ ᱹ 206.2.177.200 ڸ *.no,
  *.se, *.dk ϰ  ̴.

  ȯ (reverse lookup mapping) ׸ ߿ϴٰ ϴ ̵
  ,  ߿ ʴٰ ϴ ̵ ִ. ׷  ſ
  ߿Ѵ.   ftp, news, IRC,  http(WWW)  
  Ŭ̾Ʈ ǻ ̸ ã  ٸ   ̴.
  ׷Ƿ ǻ ȯ  ݵ ʿϴ.

  6.   

  ׻ ùٸ ۵  (Keeping it working).

  named ǵ ϴ  ܿ ׻ ؾ ϴ  ִ.
  root.hints  ֽ  ϴ ̴.   
  dig ϴ ̴.  ƹ ƱԸƮ  dig Ѵ.
  ׷ ٷ   ణ ٸ root.hints  ̴.  ׷
   dig @rootserver  Ʈ   Ѱ ûѴ.
  root.hints      ̴.   Ϸ
  ϰ(dig @e.root-servers.net . ns >root.hints.new) 
  root.hints üŲ.

  ĳ  ü Ŀ ݵ named ϵ .

  Al Longyear root.hints ڵ   ִ Ʒ ũƮ
   ־. crontab ־ Ѵ޿ ѹ÷ ǵ صθ ؾ
  ȴ.   ũƮ   ۵ϰ ְ  ˸ƽ
  `hostmaster' ǵǾ ִٰ Ѵ. п ° ľ Ѵ.

  ______________________________________________________________________
  #!/bin/sh
  #
  # Update the nameserver cache information file once per month.
  # This is run automatically by a cron entry.
  #
  # Original by Al Longyear
  # Updated for bind 8 by Nicolai Langfeldt
  # SERVFAIL problem discovered by David A. Ranch
  #
  (
   echo "To: hostmaster <hostmaster>"
   echo "From: system <root>"
   echo "Subject: Automatic update of the named.conf file"
   echo

   export PATH=/sbin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin:
   cd /var/named

   dig @rs.internic.net . ns >root.hints.new

   case `cat root.hints.new` in
     *SERVFAIL*)
          echo "The named.conf file update has FAILED."
          echo "This is the error that DIG reported:"
          echo
          cat root.hints.new
          exit 0
   esac

   echo "The named.conf file has been updated to contain the following
  information:"
   echo
   cat root.hints.new

   chown root.root root.hints.new
   chmod 444 root.hints.new
   rm -f root.hints.old
   mv root.hints root.hints.old
   mv root.hints.new root.hints
   ndc restart
   echo
   echo "The nameserver has been restarted to ensure that the update is complete."
   echo "The previous root.hints file is now called
  /var/named/root.hints.old."
  ) 2>&1 | /usr/lib/sendmail -t
  exit 0
  ______________________________________________________________________

     ftp Internic root.hints    ִٰ
    𸥴. ftp root.hints   .  
   Ʈ  ģϴ.

  7.   4  8 ̱׷̼

   κ David E. Smith (dave@bureau42.ml.org)  'using bind
  8' ִ ̴.   ̸ µ ణ  ߴ.

   ؾ  . named.boot named.conf ϴ  
    ϴ. bind8  ũƮ   ϵ ο
  Ŀ ° ȯѴ.    ĳ   
  ̴.

  ______________________________________________________________________
  directory /var/named
  cache   .                                       root.hints
  primary 0.0.127.IN-ADDR.ARPA                    127.0.0.zone
  primary localhost                               localhost.zone
  ______________________________________________________________________

  On the command line, in the bind8/src/bin/named directory (this
  assumes you got a source distribution. If you got a binary package the
  script is probably around, I'm not sure where it would be though.
  -ed.), type:

  bind8/src/bin/named 丮(п ҽ ִٰ Ѵ. 
  ̳ʸ Ű  ִ  ũƮ и 򰡿 
  ̴.    ȮҼ .)   Է.

  ______________________________________________________________________
  ./named-bootconf.pl < named.boot > named.conf
  ______________________________________________________________________

  ׷ named.conf  .

  ______________________________________________________________________
  // generated by named-bootconf.pl

  options {
          directory "/var/named";
  };

  zone "." {
          type hint;
          file "root.hints";
  };

  zone "0.0.127.IN-ADDR.ARPA" {
          type master;
          file "127.0.0.zone";
  };

  zone "localhost" {
          type master;
          file "localhost.zone";
  };
  ______________________________________________________________________

  named.conf Ͽ    ŭ   ۵ϱ 
  bind8 ϴ Ӱ  ̳  ɼǵ ߰ ʴ´.
  ⿡ Ȱ    ȿ   named.conf ִ.

  ______________________________________________________________________
  // This is a configuration file for named (from BIND 8.1 or later).
  // It would normally be installed as /etc/named.conf.
  // The only change made from the `stock' named.conf (aside from this
  // comment :) is that the directory line was uncommented, since I
  // already had the zone files in /var/named.

  options {
          directory "/var/named";
          datasize 20M;
  };

  zone "localhost" IN {
          type master;
          file "localhost.zone";
  };

  zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" IN {
          type master;
          file "127.0.0.zone";
  };

  zone "." IN {
          type hint;
          file "root.hints";
  };
  ______________________________________________________________________

  bind8/src/bin/named/test   Բ ٷ    ִ 
   纻  ִ.

   ϰ root.hints  Ʈϴ  ϵ,  ϰ
  root.hints  ĵ ϴ.

  8.   

  ڿ    Ʒ  о ֱ ٶ.

  1. named named.boot  䱸Ѵ.

       HOWTO а ִ. bind-4  HOWTO
     http://www.math.uio.no/~janl/DNS/ ã  ִ.

  2. ȭ ο DNS  ϴ°?

     Ʈ: `forwarders', `slave', ׸  HOWTO  ִ 
        ٶ.  ``ĳ   ''  
      ó named.conf  ɼ κп Ʒ ڵ尡 ʿ
     쵵 ִ.

     ___________________________________________________________________
       query-source port 53;

     ___________________________________________________________________

  3.  񽺸    񽺸 ϴ ǻ͵ ּҸ
     DNS    ϵ Ͽ Ʈ ȿ лų
      ִ°?  , www.busy.site

     www.busy.site ּҸ ϴ A ڵ带   .  ׸
     bind 4.9.3 Ǵ    ؾ Ѵ. ׷ bind
     ˾Ƽ www.busy.site ε ּҸ ϳ ʷ  ̴.
        bind ̷ ۵  ̴.

  4. (ܺο  ȵ) Ʈݿ DNS ϰ ʹ.  ϳ?

     root.hints    ϸ Ѵ. ̰  ׻ ο
     hint   ʿ䰡  Ѵ.

  5. secondary (slave)    ϴ°?

      primary  ּҰ 127.0.0.1̶ secondary 
     named.conf Ͽ   ԷѴ.

     ___________________________________________________________________
       zone "linux.bogus" {
             type slave;
             file "sz/linux.bogus";
             masters { 127.0.0.1; };
       };

     ___________________________________________________________________

  ⿡     ';' (ݷ) иϿ ϸ,
   κ linux.bogus  ϰ ȴ.  ⿡
  ϴ   linux.bogus Ǿ ־ Ѵ.

  6. Ʈũ    bind ϰ ʹ.

        ش()   ִ.

    Ian Clark <ic@deakin.edu.au> κ װ ϴ  
      ޾Ҵ.

   'Masquerading' ϴ ǻͿ named Ѵ. 
  root.hints  ΰ Ѵ.  Ʈ   ̸ 
  root.hints.real Ʒ   root.hints.fake Ѵ.

  ----
  ; root.hints.fake
  ; this file contains no information
  ----

  Ʈ    root.hints.fake  root.hints ϰ named
  Ѵ.

  Ʈ   root.hints.real  root.hints ϰ named
  Ѵ.

  ip-down ip-up̶ ũƮ   Ѵ.

  Ʈ Ǿ  named    
  ӿ    messages Ͽ   Ѵ.

  Jan 28 20:10:11 hazchem named[10147]: No root nameserver for class IN

  ̻  ϴ ̴.

  Ȯ Դ  ۵ϴ  .  Ʈ Ǿ  
  ǻ  Ӽ ܺ    ŸӾƿ  
    ִ. ׸ Ʈ  ȿ Ϲ ܺ ο 
     ִ.

    Ʈũ  ʴ ǻͿ bind NFS 
     Ʈ(portmapper) Բ ϴ    Karl-Max
     Wanger   ־.

         ͳݿ ϴ  ǻͿ named
       ϰ ִ.   ĳ  θ ۵ϸ,
            root.cache Ͽ õ  ()
       Ѵ. ׸ named nfsd mountd ⵿ϱ  ϴµ,  
        Ϲ̴.

       LAN  ٸ ǻͰ  ǻ  ϳ(Libretto 30 Ʈ) 
       Ʈ ϴ  ־. ׷   δ κ̾.
       ̷  PLIP, PCMCIA ī, ø ̽  PPP ο
       Ͼ   .

        ð  ϰ  ģ Ŀ, õ  named nfsd mountd
         ׹ Ǿ Ʈۿ ϵǾ  ̷ 
       ٴ  ˾Ҵ. (    ƿ  Ѵ.)
       nfsd mountd    named ϴ ̷  .

           ٲپ ׷  ƹ   , ε
       ̷ ٲپ   ذ δ    .

  7. ĳ     ĳ   ϳ? ĳ ũ⸦
     Ҽ ִ  °?

     ĳõ   ޸𸮿 ȴ. ũ ϵ ʴ´.
     named   ĳô . ĳ   ε
       . named   Ģ  ĳø ٷµ
      .   ε ĳ  ĳ ũ⸦  
     . ׷ ʹٸ named ŷؼ ϸ ȴ. ׷ 
     ʴ´.

  8. named ۵Ǵ  ĳø ϴ°? ϵ  
     ִ°?

     . named   ĳø  ʴ´. , named
     ߾ٰ ٽ   ĳô   . named
     Ͽ ĳø Ϸ ϰ   . ׷ ʹٸ named
     ŷؼ ϸ ȴ. ׷  ʴ´.

  9.   ð ҾϿ DNS ؾ Ѵٸ.

   

  Ű ǹ   ִ.   ϴ 
  ƴ϶  ð 鿩   ؾ Ѵٸ   
    ݵ о Ѵ. ǹ  ǥΰ C. Liu  P.
  Albitz  DNS and BIND å O'Reilly & Associates
  Ͽ.  ڵ о Ҵµ  Ǹϴ. Craig Hunt Ͽ
   O'Reilly & Associates  TCP/IP Network Administration
  DNS  о   ϴ. DNS  (Ȥ  ذῡ )
  åδ Robert M. Prisig  Zen and the Art of Motorcycle
  Maintenance ִ.  :-) ISBN 0688052304̴. ׿  ͵
  ִ.

  ͳݿ  <http://www.dns.net/dnsrd/>,
  <http://www.isc.org/bind.html>   ã  ִ.  FAQ,
  ۷ Ŵ(BOG; Bind Operations Guide), ,  , DNS
  ŷ (δ ƴ,   rfcs κ bind  ԵǾ
  ִ.) ڴ ̵ κ   ʾҴ.  ° ڴ
   DNS ϴ ڴ ƴϴ.  ݸ Arnt Gulbrandsen
  BOG о  ǿ ȲȦ Ѵ. :-) comp.protocols.tcp-
  ip.domains DNS  ׷̴.  , DNS  RFC  ִ.
  Ƹ  ߿  ̰  ̴.

     RFC 2052
        A. Gulbrandsen, P. Vixie, A DNS RR for specifying the location
        of services (DNS SRV), October 1996

     RFC 1918
        Y. Rekhter, R. Moskowitz, D. Karrenberg, G. de Groot, E. Lear,
        Address Allocation for Private Internets, 02/29/1996.

     RFC 1912
        D. Barr, Common DNS Operational and Configuration Errors,
        02/28/1996.
     RFC 1912 Errors
        B. Barr Errors in RFC 1912, this is available at
        <http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~barr/rfc1912-errors.html>

     RFC 1713
        A. Romao, Tools for DNS debugging, 11/03/1994.

     RFC 1712
        C. Farrell, M. Schulze, S. Pleitner, D. Baldoni, DNS Encoding of
        Geographical Location, 11/01/1994.

     RFC 1183
        R. Ullmann, P. Mockapetris, L. Mamakos, C. Everhart, New DNS RR
        Definitions, 10/08/1990.

     RFC 1035
        P. Mockapetris, Domain names - implementation and specification,
        11/01/1987.

     RFC 1034
        P. Mockapetris, Domain names - concepts and facilities,
        11/01/1987.

     RFC 1033
        M. Lottor, Domain administrators operations guide, 11/01/1987.

     RFC 1032
        M. Stahl, Domain administrators guide, 11/01/1987.

     RFC 974
        C. Partridge, Mail routing and the domain system, 01/01/1986.

