  The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO

  Tom Fawcett (fawcett@croftj.net)
  v3.6, January 2000
  :  polsci@hitel.net, SGML :  alloying@nownuri.net
  2000 2 19

       Ʈ/Ʈũ ϴ 
  մϴ. ̷  ũ  ũ ϰų ο
  ý       ֽϴ.   FAQ  
  ġ̵ Ȥ  ġ HOWTO  ù о  ٸ
  Ʈ  õ ñ ٶϴ. ܼ ޻Ȳ 
  ũ ʿ ̶ η ``̸  ִ Ʈũ''
  κ Ͻʽÿ.
  ______________________________________________________________________

  

  1. Ӹ
     1.1    
     1.2   κе
     1.3  ǰ߰  
     1.4    Ͽ

  2. Ұ
  3. Ʈũ  
     3.1  
     3.2 ũ 

  4. Ʈ Ͻý 
     4.1 
     4.2  ý 
     4.3 Ͻý 
        4.3.1 /dev
        4.3.2 /etc
        4.3.3 /bin  /sbin
        4.3.4 /lib
     4.4 PAM  NSS   å
        4.4.1 PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules)
        4.4.2 NSS (Name Service Switch)
     4.5 
     4.6  λ׵
     4.7  Ͻý ϱ

  5. Ŀ ϱ
  6.  ͵ ϳ  :  
     6.1 Ͽ LILO  Ŀ Բ 
     6.2 LILO  Ŀθ 
     6.3 ũ  
     6.4 Ʈ Ͻý Ͽ 

  7. ַλװ ذ
  8. ׹ 
     8.1 Ʈ Ͻý ũ⸦ ̴ 
     8.2 ũ ƴ Ʈ ý
     8.3 ƿƼ ũ 

  9.  ϴ 
  10.  ޴ (FAQ : Frequently Asked Question)
  11. ڷ
     11.1 ̸  ִ Ʈũ
     11.2  Ű
     11.3 Graham Chapman   ũƮ
     11.4 LILO -- the Linux loader
     11.5  FAQ  HOWTO 
     11.6 ũ 
     11.7  Ʈ μ

  12. LILO Ʈ ڵ
  13. Ʈ ũ ߺ
  14. ƿƼ ũ ߺ

  ______________________________________________________________________

  1.  Ӹ

   :   ̹ ѹ  Ǿ 𸣴  ùӸ 
  ¥ 6 ̶ LDP(Linux Documentation Project) Ȩ
  <http://linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO.html> ֽ  
  Ȯ ñ ٶϴ.

    txt  ŵ ˴ϴٸ    ȣ
  Ƿ ƮũƮ ̳ HTML  ø б⿡ 
   Դϴ. Info δ б  Դϴ.

  1.1.     

  Graham Chapman (grahamc@zeta.org.au)   Bootdisk-HOWTO 
  ̰ 3.1  ϼ̽ϴ. Tom Fawcett(fawcett@croftj.net)
   Ŀ 2.0  õ  緮 ߰ϼ̰  3.2  
   ϰ ֽϴ. Chapman  ̴ κ  ߿
   ֽϴ.

     Ŀ 2.0    մϴ. ̺ 
  (1.2.xx Ȥ  ) Ŀ ϰ Ŵٸ Graham Chapman
   Ȩ <http://www.zeta.org.au/~grahamc/linux.html>  ִ 
   Bootdisk-HOWTO  ãƺʽÿ.

     ÷ ϴ   մϴ. ٸ
  μ     κ ǰ ڴ ̿
  ؼ  赵    մϴ. ٸ ÷
  Ʈũ    ڿ   ֽʽÿ.

  1.2.    κе

   κп  ڿڸ ȯմϴ.

  1. CD-ROM, ZIP ũ, LS-110 ũ  ٸ øü ϴ
       , Ȥ ̸  ٸ   ȳκ
     .

  2. ġ ū libc.so  ̺귯 óϴ   
     .  δ   ̺귯 ϰų
      ̺귯 ũ⸦ ̴  ֽϴ.

  3.  Ʈũ ٽ мؾ ڽϴ. "
     ϴ " κ  ʿ䰡 ֱ.

  4. Ʈũ ׷̵ϴ    ع մϴ.
       򰥸   ϴ.

  5. "ذ" κ   ڽϴ.

  1.3.   ǰ߰  

   ̵ ƴϵ     ǰ ȯմϴ. 
   Ȯϰ     ֵ  ּ ߽ϴ.
   Ʋ κ̳ Ȧ κ ߰ϽŴٸ 񿡰 
  ֽʽÿ.

   Ȱ  ֽ  е鲲 帳ϴ. ׺е 
   ȥڼ ۾  ξ     ־ϴ.

  ǰ̳ ĥ ,  ø   e-mail ּҷ ڿ
  ֽʽÿ. ڴ  ϴ   ʽϴ. ٸ
  ñ   ``ذ'' κ оñ ٶϴ.

  1.4.     Ͽ

  Copyright  1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000 by Tom Fawcett and Graham
  Chapman.  This document may be distributed under the terms set forth
  in the Linux Documentation Project License at
  <http://linuxdoc.org/copyright.html>.  Please contact the authors if
  you are unable to get the license.

  This is free documentation.  It is distributed in the hope that it
  will be useful, but without any warranty; without even the implied
  warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.

  Tom Fawcett  Graham Chapman  ۱ ֽϴ.  
  Ʈ ̼ Ͽ  մϴ.  ̼
  <http://linuxdoc.org/copyright.html> Ȩ   ֽϴ.
    ̼     ڿ  ֽʽÿ.

    Դϴ.   ϰ ̱⸦ ٶϴٸ 
   ص帮 ʽϴ. Ư 뵵  ̿뿡  
      ü  ʽϴ.

  2.  Ұ

    쿡  Ʈ  ϰ   ֽϴ.

  o  ο Ŀ ׽Ʈ .

  o  ũ  ߻  -- Ʈ͸ Ȱų ũ
     尡   .

  o   ý ĥ . Ʈ    Ǽε
     ý Ҵ ° Ǿ  ֽϴ.  󼭴
     ÷ǵ  ý ؾ߸  쵵 ֽϴ.

  o  /libc.so   ٽ ý  ׷̵ .

  Ʈ ũ      ֽϴ.

  o     ִ Ʈũ ̿Ѵ. ̷  
       Ȯϰ   ִ.

  o   ε Ű ̿Ѵ.

  o   ũ  ϴ    Ʈ ũ
     Ѵ.

    ϸ ΰ  ص  س 
  ֽϴ. Դٰ  ý  ۵ϴ° ϴµ ־
  ҳ   ̱⵵ մϴ.

      ý    鿡 ̹
  ͼִٰ մϴ.   丮, Ͻý, ÷
  Ͽ  ˰ ־߸ մϴ. mount ɰ df  
   ˰ ־ մϴ. /etc/passwd  fstab   ʿϰ
    ˰ ־ մϴ.   HOWTO  ϴ κ
  ɵ Ʈ  ؾ߸ Ѵٴ  Ͻñ ٶϴ.

     ׳ Ʈũ ۿ Ѵٸ  
    ֽϴ.   FAQ,  ġ HOWTO, 
  ġ̵  ù о  ôٸ  Ʈ
   ϴ  Դϴ. ޻Ȳ  Ȯ ϴ
   Ʈũ ʿ ̶ ̹  ִ  ٿ ޴
   ξ մϴ. η ``̸  ִ Ʈũ'' κп
  𿡼   ִ ֽϴ.

  3.  Ʈũ  

  Ʈũ ⺻ ÷ Ͽ   ̴Ͼó, 
    ýԴϴ. Ʈũ  Ǯ  
  ý     κ ״   ־߸ մϴ. Ʈ
  ũ ۿ ռ     ⺻  ؾ߸
  մϴ. ⼭    Ҽ   ⺻
  븸  Դϴ.   װ Ÿ ɼǿ  
  ߽ϴ.

  3.1.   

   PC ý۵ (Ȯ BIOS) ڵ带 Ű 
   մϴ.  ڵ Ʈ ̺  0, Ǹ 0 κ
  оԴϴ. Ʈ̺  ù° ̺( ڸ A:,
   ڸ /dev/fd0) մϴ.  , ̿ о
     մϴ. κ Ʈ  ũ  0,
  Ǹ 0     ϳ  ֽϴ.

  o  LILO   Ʈδ(boot loader) ڵ. LILO  Ʈδ
     Ŀ ã ޸𸮿 ε  Ű  Ʈ
     մϴ.

  o     ü Ŀ  κ.

    Ŀ Ͽ   (raw copy) ũ
  ù° ʹ  Ŀ  ü ù° Ͱ ˴ϴ.  ù°
  ʹ Ʈ ̽κ Ŀ  κ  оν
  Ʈ μ մϴ.

  ϴ Ŀ  εǸ,  ⺻ ̽
  ʱȭŰԵ˴ϴ.  , Ư ̽ Ʈ Ͻý ã
  ''/'' ƮϷ õմϴ. ̶ Ŀ 𿡼 Ʈ
  Ͻý ãƾ ϴ ̸ ޾ ˰־߸ մϴ. 
  Ŀ  ġ ε  ̹ ã Ѵٸ ý
   ˴ϴ.

   Ʈ -- ַ Ͽ ϴ  -- Ʈ Ͻý
  ũ εϱ⵵ մϴ. ũ ý RAM  Ϻθ ġ
  ũó ϴ Դϴ. ý ũ εϴ  
  ΰ  Դϴ. ù°,  ÷ǵũ õ ̻ 
   ý  ϴ. °, Ʈ Ͻý 
  ÷ǿ  , Ŀ   Ǯ鼭 ũ ε 
  ֽϴ.     ϵ      ִ
   ֽϴ.

  ϴ Ʈ Ͻý εǾ ƮǸ   ޽  
   Դϴ.

  VFS : Mounted root (ext2 filesystem) readonly.

    ̸ ý Ʈ Ͻýۿ ִ init α׷
  ãƼ ŵϴ (/bin ̳/sbin  ֽϴ). init 
   /etc/inittab  sysinit  ã ׿ شϴ ̸
  ũƮ ŵϴ. sysinit ũƮ  /etc/rc 
  /etc/init.d/boot  ͵Դϴ.  ũƮ  ɾ ¥
  μ Ʒ  ⺻ ý 񽺸 մϴ.

  o   ũ fsck  Ѵ.

  o  ʿ Ŀ  εѴ.

  o  (swapping) Ѵ.

  o  Ʈ ʱȭŲ.

  o  fstab   ũ ƮѴ.

   ũƮ 밳 ٸ  ũƮ  ۽ŵϴ. ,
  ʱȭ  ȭŲ Դϴ.   Ϲ SysVinit
   /etc/rc.d/ 丮 ؿ   丮 ְ
   丮  ý 񽺵  ¿
  Ű س ϵ ֽϴ.  Ʈũ ϴ
  sysinit ũƮ  ſ  Դϴ.

  sysinit ũƮ   ٽ init μ 
  ƿ, ̹ default runlevel ܰ ϴ. default
  runlevel  inittab ϳ initdefault Ű Ǿ ֽϴ.
  runlevel  ַ ܼ̳ tty    å getty 
  α׷ մϴ. 츮 ͼ ''login:'' Ʈ 
   ִ  ٷ getty α׷Դϴ.  getty α׷
  α  óϴ login α׷ Ų  user 
  մϴ.

  3.2.  ũ 

  ⺻   캸Ƿ  ʿ ũ 
  غô. ũ 4  ô.   ''ũ''
   ܾ Ư    ÷ǵ ǹմϴٸ κ
     ϵũ ״   ֽϴ.

     boot
        Ʈ  Ŀ  ũ.  ũ Ŀ ƮŰ
        뵵 Ǹ, ̷ ε Ŀ Ǵٸ ũ ġϰ
        ִ Ʈ Ͻý ε  ֽϴ. , Ʈũ
        Ŀ Ʈ Ͻý  ġϰ ִ ̸ ޾
        ˰ ־߸ մϴ.

        κ  Ʈũ ٸ ϻ Ʈ Ͻý
        εϰ , δ ϵũ ִ Ʈ Ͻý
        εϵ   ֽϴ. ̷  ַ ο Ŀ
        ׽Ʈغ  ˴ϴ( ''make zdisk''  Ŀ
        ҽڵκ ڵ Ʈũ ϴ).

     root
         ý 뿡 ʼ ϵ  Ͻý Ʈ
         ý̶ ϸ  Ʈ Ͻý  ũ
        Ʈ(root) ũԴϴ. Ʈ ũ ݵ Ŀ̳
        Ʈδ   ʿ ϴ.

        ϴ Ŀ Ʈ ¶ Ʈ ũ ٸ  ũ
        ʿ  ý   ֽϴ.  , Ʈ
        ũ ڵ ũ ˴ϴ. ũ ϸ
        Ʈ Ͻýۿ  ׼ ξ ,  ũ
        ̺긦  ƿƼ ũ   ֽϴ.

     boot/root
        Ŀΰ Ʈ Ͻý 忡   ִ ũ
        մϴ. ٲپ ϸ, ϵũ ̵  ũ 
        ý Ʈϰ ϴµ ʿ     ִ
        Դϴ. ̷ Ÿ ũ  Ʈϴٴ Դϴ --
        ʿ     ũ ϴ.  
           Ŀ ߼ ֱ   ؼ  
        ִٰ ص   Ͽ     
         ֽϴ.

     utility
           ͸  μ Ͻý 
         Ʈ Ͻýμ ƮǴ  ƴմϴ. Ʈ
        ũ 忡      ƿƼ  ũ
         ˴ϴ.

  Ϲ ''Ʈũ "Ѵٰ   boot(kernel) 
  root(files) κ    մϴ.  κ ϳ
  ũ   ְ(a single boot/root disk)   ũ
  иϿ  ֽϴ(boot + root disks). Ƹ boot ϰ
  root    ׷ ڶ  ѵ  utility
        ϴ   
  Դϴ.

  4.  Ʈ Ͻý 

  Ʈ Ͻý   ý  ʼ ϵ 
  ۾ ʿմϴ.    Ʈ Ͻý ۹
  մϴ.     ȵ Ͻý ϻ
    Ʈ ƮŰ  մϴ.  
  ``ũ ƴ Ʈ Ͻý'' κп մϴ.

  4.1.  

  Ʈ Ͻý Ǯ    ý ϱ 
    ߾ մϴ. ̸ ؼ  ýۿ  ʿ
  ּҿǸŭ Ʈũ ݵ Ǿ մϴ.

  o  ⺻  ý 

  o  ּѵ 丮 : /dev, /proc, /bin, /etc, /lib, /usr, /tmp

  o  ⺻ ƿƼ : sh, ls cp mv 

  o   ʿ config ϵ: rc, inittab, fstab 

  o  ̽ : /dev/hd*, /dev/tty*, /dev/fd0 

  o  ƿƼ α׷ ʿ ⺻ Լ ϴ Ÿ
     ̺귯.

   ý Ƶ簣   ϴ α׷ ų   
  μ ̿밡ġ ִ Ű. ׷  ̷ , Ʈ
     ۾ Ҽ ־߸ մϴ.

  o  ٸ ̺꿡 ִ  ý üũϴ ۾.  
     ϵũ ִ Ʈ Ͻý ϰ Ѵٸ,
     Ʈ ý Ʈϴ   Ἥ, ϰ ϴ
     ϵũ ƴ ٸ ũ  ýų ʿ䰡
     ֽϴ. ̷ ϸ ϵũ Ʈ  ¿ ְ
     ǹǷ  fsck  ϵũ   ֽϴ.

  o  cpio, tar,gzip, ftape  archive   ƿƼ Ἥ
     κ  Ʈ̺  Ȥ Ϻθ ϴ ۾.

    Ͻý   ϰڽϴ. 
  Ͻý̶  Ͻý ũ  · ִٰ
  Ʈÿ ũ  Ǯ鼭 Ǵ  մϴ. 
  Ͻý  ǥ 1440K Ͽ ξ  ( 6ް
  )   ֽϴ. Ͻý  뷮 ξ ũ
     ̸  ۼϴ  Ұմϴ. ϴ ٸ
    ý    ,   
  Ͽ ϴ   մϴ.

  4.2.   ý 

   Ʈ Ͻý  ؼ ϱ  ϴ ʿ
   ϵ   ִ  ũ   ʿմϴ.  4
  ްƮ   ִ ̽ ʿմϴ.   
  մϴ.

  o  ũ ϴ Դϴ(DEVICE = /dev/ram0).   ޸
     Ϻθ  ũ ̺ մϴ. ũ ʿ
     ũ Ͻý     Ǿ մϴ.  LILO 
     ִٸ (/etc/lilo.conf)    ִ
     Ȯ ʽÿ.

     RAMDISK_SIZE = nnn

  ̰ Ҵ簡 ũ ũ ִġ ϴ Դϴ. Ʈ
  4096K ε    Դϴ.  ý  8 MB
  ̸̶ ũ ϴ  ϴ  ϴ.

  /dev/ram0, /dev/ram, /dev/ramdisk  ̽  ִ
  ȮϽʽÿ.  ٸ mknod (major number 1, minor 0)
  /dev/ram0  մϴ.

  o    ʴ  ްƮ  ϵũ Ƽ ־ ̸
     ̿  ִٸ   Դϴ.

  o   ̽ ̿  ֽϴ.  ̽ 
     ϳ ġ ̽ó   ְ ݴϴ. ,  Ѱ
     ġ ϵũ Ƽó νĽŰ Դϴ.  ̽
     ̿ؼ ϵ ũ  3 ްƮ     
       ý   ֽϴ.
     man losetup ̶ Ÿغʽÿ.  ̽ 
     µ Դϴ.  losetup  ٸ
     <ftp://ftp.win.tue.nl:/pub/linux/util/mount/> 丮 ̸
     ϴ  mount, umount ̳ʸ  util-linux Ű
     ޾ ġϸ ˴ϴ.

     ýۿ  ̽(/dev/loop0, /dev/loop1 ) ٸ
     ''mknod /dev/loop0 b 7 0''  ߸ մϴ. شϴ
     mount  umount ̳ʸ ġߴٸ, Ʒ  Ἥ
     ϵũ   ũ ӽ ʽÿ( 
     /tmp/fsfile).

     dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/fsfile bs=1k count=<it/nnn/

    nnn block     ֽϴ.

   "DEVICE"  κ    κп  ̸
  ּ. , "-o loop" ɼ ־ mount α׷ 
  ̽ Ʈ ˷ մϴ.    ϴ.

  mount -o loop -t ext2 /tmp/fsfile /mnt

    ( ̽ ) /tmp/fsfile  ƮƮ /mnt
   Ʈ ŵϴ. df  Ʈ Ǿ Ȯ  ֽϴ.

        ϳ ϱ Ծٸ 
  DEVICE    ּ.

     dd if=/dev/zero of=DEVICE bs=1k count=3000

    ̽   0  äϴ.   ߿
   ̽  ý ߿ ǰ ǹǷ 
    0  ä ִ Ҽ ֱ Դϴ.

   ,  ý ϴ.  Ŀ ڵ ũ
    ִ Ʈ ũ Ͻý minix  ext2 Ͻý 
  ΰ Դϴ. ߿ ext2 Ͻý  ȣǴ 
  ýԴϴ. ext2   -i ɼ ־ Ʈ   inode
     Ƿ մϴ. -i 2000  ϸ inode 
     Դϴ. ׹ۿ, ʿ  /dev ϵ
  ؼ inode  ϴ  ֽϴ. mke2fs  Ʈ 1.44 M
  Ͽ 360  inode մϴ. ڰ  
  ƮϿ 120  inode  ְ     
  /dev  ̽ ϵ  ԽŰ Ѵٸ ʿ inode 
  360   ʰ ϴ.  Ʈ Ͻý ϸ  ū
  Ͻý   ְ  Ʈ   inode  
  ֽϴٸ ׷    ̰ų inode  ø ʿ䰡
   Դϴ.

      ʿմϴ.

  mke2fs -m 0 -i 2000 DEVICE

  ( ̽ ϽŴٸ  DEVICE ڸ ̸ 
  մϴ.   mke2fs   ׷ڴİ  ٵ yes ϼ)

  mke2fs  ڵ 밡 뷮 ϰ ׿ 
  Ͻý մϴ. -m 0 Ķʹ mke2fs  Ͽ root 
   Ҵ ϰ ν 밡 ũ 뷮  
  Ȯմϴ.

   ̽ Ʈϼ.

  mount -t ext2 DEVICE /mnt

  ( /mnt 丮 ٸ ƮƮ  /mnt 丮 
  ־߸ մϴ)  츮   丮 /mnt Ʒ ִ
   ϰڽϴ.

  4.3.  Ͻý 

   Ϲ Ʈ Ͻýۿ ־ ּ
  丮Դϴ.

  o  /dev -- ̽ ġմϴ. I/O  ʿմϴ

  o  /proc -- proc  ýۿ ʿ 丮

  o  /etc -- ý ϵ ġմϴ.

  o  /sbin -- ýۿ  ȵ ʼ ̳ʸ ġմϴ.

  o  /bin -- ý Ϻη ֵǴ ⺻ ̳ʸ ġմϴ.

  o  /lib -- Ÿ ̺귯 ġմϴ.

  o  /mnt -- ٸ ũ ϱ  ƮƮ

  o  /usr -- ׹  ƿƼ α׷ ġմϴ.

  (⿡ õ 丮  ƮϿ شǴ ͸ 
  Դϴ.   ý  ϰ õ 丮
   Ծ  ֽϴ. ̸ ǥ  Ͻý(FHS, Filesystem
  Hierarchy Standard)̶ θµ   ϵ  丮
  ξ ϴ°  ԾԴϴ)

  Ʈ ȭϽýۿ  丮  3   丮 ˴ϴ.
    3  mkdir  丮   ָ ˴ϴ. /proc
  丮 ܼ proc  ý ġϰ Ǵ  Դϴ.
  /mnt  /usr 丮 boot/root ý  Ŀ Ǵ
  ƮƮԴϴ.  ٽ 帮  3  丮 
  丮 ָ ˴ϴ.

    4  丮  帮ڽϴ.

  4.3.1.  /dev

  /dev 丮 ý ϴ  ̽  ϴ
  Ưϵ ġϰ ˴ϴ. /dev 丮   ýۿ
  ݵ ־߸ ϴ Դϴ. /dev 丮 ü 
  丮 Ƿ mkdir ɾ ׳  ָ ˴ϴ. 
  /dev 丮  ġϴ ̽ ϵ ŭ Ư ϵ̹Ƿ
  mknod  ϴ Ư  ־ մϴ.

      ֽϴ. --   ý /dev 丮
      ʿ ͵  Դϴ. ̶ ؾ
    Ư ̽ ϵ    -R ɼ Ἥ ؾ
  Ѵٴ Դϴ. ̷ ؾ 丮   ϵ 
   ʰ ˴ϴ. 빮 R ӿ Ͻʽÿ.  ҹ -r 
  ٸ  ϵũ   ؿ  ̰ ᱹ 
  ߿  뷮 ʰ ߴܵǾ ϴ.  ؼ 
  ɾ Ͻʽÿ.

  cp -dpR /dev /mnt

     /mnt  Ʈ Ǿٰ  Դϴ. dp
  ġ ɺ ũ   Ÿϵ Ǵ  ƴ϶
  ũμ ǵ ָ   Ӽ ״  ä
  ǵ ݴϴ.     ״ ˴ϴ.

    غ ʹٸ ls -l  ϴ ̽ 
  ̳ ̽ ѹ ؼ Ȯ  mknod  Ἥ 
   ִ  ֽϴ.

   ̽ , ϴ Ư ̽ Ͽ
    Ȯغʽÿ.   ftape  
  ̽ ϹǷ  Ʈ ũ Ἥ  ̺
  ġ ׼ ̶  ġ õ ̽ 
   Ȯ  ʿ䰡 ֽϴ.

   Ư ̽  ϳ inode  ʿ ϱ ,
  쿡 󼭴 inode     ϼ. Ư 
   ýۿ  ׷ϴ.  ʿ ̽ ϵ
   /dev 丮 ϴ  ϴ. 
  ̽ ̷  ý۰  Ư ýۿ ʿմϴ.
    SCSI ũ   ʴٸ sd  ϴ 
  ̽ ϵ ص մϴ. , ø Ʈ
    ٸ cua  ϴ  ̽ ϵ 
  ˴ϴ.

  /dev 丮  ȭϵ ݵ ־  ϼ:
   console, kmem, mem, null, ram, tty1

  4.3.2.  /etc

  /etc 丮 ϵ ġմϴ. κ ýۿ ־
  ϵ    з  ֽϴ.

  1.   ݵ ʿ ϵ : rc, fstab, passwd 

  2.  ׷  ƴϳ ü ʿϴٰ Ǵ ϵ.

  3. ׿ ϵ

  ʼ  ƴ   Ȯ   ֽϴ.

       ls -ltru

     ׼ ð ϵ մϴ. 
  ֱٿ ׼   ϵ ƮϿ ܽѵ ϴ.

   ƮϿ  15    ֽϴ. 뵵
      ڽϴ.

  1. boot/root ý ϴµ  ʿ ϵ

     a. rc.d/* -- ý ⵿   ȯ ũƮ

     b. fstab -- ƮǴ  ý Ʈ

     c. inittab -- init μ  Ķ͵ ֽϴ. init
         Ʈÿ ʷ ⵿Ǵ μԴϴ.

  2. boot/root ý  ʿ ϵ

     a. passwd -- , Ȩ 丮  Ʈ

     b. group --  ׷

     c. shadow -- ڵ н.   ֽϴ.

     d. termcap -- ͹̳ ɷ¿  ͺ̽

      ߿   н尡 ý  
     ʵ passwd  shadow   ؿ ʴ 
     ϴ. ̷ صθ  ý ġʴ 
     α   ֽϴ.

     passwd   root ŭ ϰ ־ մϴ.  ٸ
     ڵ鵵   α  ְ Ϸ   Ȩ
     丮   ־ մϴ.

     termcap,  ͹̳ ͺ̽   ųιƮ  ˴ϴ.
     boot/root Ͽ  ַ ϴ ͹̳ linux-console
     Ʈ   ϼ.

  3.   ϵ.  ʿ 찡 ֽϴ.

  ڴ  ߿   ϸŭ ݵ ִµ  
  ô̳ մϴ.

  o  rc     ݵ ־ մϴ.

                  #!/bin/sh
                  /bin/mount -av
                  /bin/hostname Kangaroo

  丮 ´ ȮϽʽÿ.  hostname  Ű ʾƵ
  մϴ. hostname      Դϴ.

  o  fstab  ּ   ־ մϴ.

                  /dev/ram0       /               ext2    defaults
                  /dev/fd0        /               ext2    defaults
                  /proc           /proc           proc    defaults

   ϰ ִ fstab  Ʈ  ͵ ϴ. 
   ϵũ Ƽ ڵ Ʈϰ ؼ ȵ˴ϴ.
  ϵũ  Ƽǿ noauto Ű带  ּ. ϵũ
  ջǾų ׾ Ʈũ ؾ 쵵 ֱ
  Դϴ.

  inittab ϳ sysinit  rc    ⺻
  ƮũƮų ֵ Ǿ߸ մϴ. , ø
  Ʈ ڰ ϴ   getty  Ʈ 
  κп ttys  ttyS ̽  Ʈ ּó(comment
  out)ؾ մϴ. ,  ַܼ α tty Ʈ ŭ
  ܵμ.

    inittab    Դϴ.

            id:2:initdefault:
            si::sysinit:/etc/rc
            1:2345:respawn:/sbin/getty 9600 tty1
            2:23:respawn:/sbin/getty 9600 tty2

  inittab  ý ⵿, Ƽ    
  ܰ迡 ý  Ѿ ϴ  Դϴ. ⼭
  ϰ üũؾ  inittab  ޵ ȭϵ  ڸ
  ִ Դϴ.  init  ش  ã ϸ Ʈũ
   Ǹ ޽   ֽϴ.

   α׷ ٸ ġ ִ   ʰ ݵ 
  丮 ġؾ մϴ. ̴ ٸ α׷  α׷
  ̰ ġ ̶ Ͽ ڵǾ Դϴ.  
   ý , /etc/shutdown  reboot  ġ /etc/reboot
   Ͽ ڵǾϴ.  ڰ reboot  /bin/reboot 
    shutdown  ٸ, /etc 丮 reboot  ã
   Ƿ shutdown  ϰ  Դϴ.

     ϵ , /etc 丮  ؽƮ ϵ
  Ͻð    Ȯ 𸣽ðڴٸ /etc 丮
  ϵ鵵  Ͻʽÿ. ``Ʈũ ߺ''  Ͻñ
  ٶϴ. Ƹ ű⿡  ϵ ϴ  ϰ
  ý   ̰   Ƿ  ýۻ ϵ
  ߺ ϵ   Ѵٰ   ϴ.  Ȯ
    inittab  ؼ ʿ ͵ ϳϳ Ȯ
     Դϴ.

   κ ý۵   شϴ  ũƮ
  /etc/rc.d/ 丮 ؿ ΰ ֽϴ.  ܼϰ Ϸ rc
  ũƮ ϳ ,   ýκ ϴ inittab 
  /etc/rc.d 丮 ° ؿ   ýۿ ʿ 
  ũƮ     Դϴ.

  4.3.3.  /bin  /sbin

  /bin 丮 ⺻ ۾ ʿ ls, mv, cat, dd  ߰
  ƿƼ α⿡  Դϴ. η ``Ʈũ ߺ'' 
  ִ /bin  /sbin 丮 ϵ ϼ. cpio, tar, gzip
     ʿ ƿƼ ԽŰ ʾҽϴ. 
   ׷ ƿƼ boot/root  뷮 Ƴ  
  ƿƼ ũ ־Ӵϴ. ϴ boot/root   Ǿ
  ũ εǰ,   ƿƼ  ٲ 
  ̸ Ʈ   ֽϴ. ڴ   ƿƼ  /usr 
  Ʈմϴ.

  ƿƼ    Ʒ ``ƿƼ ũ '' 
  ֽϴ.     ܿ  µ 
   ƿƼ    ϳ صδ  ٶմϴ.
  ̷ صθ ߿ ֽ  ƿƼ  ̷  
     ϴ һ縦   ֽϴ.

   α׷ ԵǾ Ȯϼ: init, getty  α׷,
  login, mount, rc ũƮ ų  ִ  α׷, ׸ 
  sh  ũ״ ȮϽʽÿ.

  4.3.4.  /lib

  /lib  ʿ  ̺귯 δ ξ մϴ. 
  ʿ ̺귯 /lib 丮 ߰ߵ ʴ´ٸ ý
  Ʈ ϰ ˴ϴ.  ٸ   °ϴ ޽
      𸨴ϴ.

    α׷  libc ̺귯 libc.so.N ŭ
  ݵ ʿ մϴ. ⼭ N   ѹ մϴ. 
  /lib 丮 Ȯϼ. , libc.so.N   ѹ 
  ̸ ɺ ũǾ ֽϴ.

       % ls -l /lib/libc.so*
         -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root      4016683 Apr 16 18:48 libc-2.1.1.so*
         lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           13 Apr 10 12:25 libc.so.6 -> libc-2.1.1.so*

   ,  libc-2.1.1.so  ʿմϴ. ԽŰ ϴ
  ̳ʸ  ̺귯 ʿ ϰ ִ   ˻
   ldd ɾ Ͻʽÿ.    ϴ.

            % ldd /sbin/mke2fs
            libext2fs.so.2 => /lib/libext2fs.so.2 (0x40014000)
            libcom_err.so.2 => /lib/libcom_err.so.2 (0x40026000)
            libuuid.so.1 => /lib/libuuid.so.1 (0x40028000)
            libc.so.6 => /lib/libc.so.6 (0x4002c000)
            /lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x40000000)

    ϵ ʿ   ֽϴ. µ ̺귯
  ɺ ũ  ֽϴ.

  Ϻ ̺귯  Ŀ  Ʈ Ͻýۿ 縮
      Ͻʽÿ.     libc.so 
   4 ް ˴ϴ. ̷ ̺귯 Ʈ ȭϽý ű
  Ʈ(strip)ų ʿ䰡 ֽϴ.  ``ƮϽý ũ⸦
  ̱''  ϼ.

  , /lib  ̺귯 δ ԽѾ մϴ.  δ
  ld.so (a.out ̺귯)̳ ld-linux.so (ELF ̺귯)
  Դϴ. ֱ  ldd   ó Ȯ  δ ʿ
     ׷ ʽϴ.  δ ʿ ڽ
  ٸ ̺귯  file  Ű.   
  ϴ.

  % file/lib/libc.so.4.7.2 /lib/libc.so.5.4.33 /lib/libc-2.1.1.so
  /lib/libc.so.4.7.2: Linux/i386 demand-paged executable (QMAGIC), stripped
  /lib/libc.so.5.4.33: ELF 32-bit LSB shared object, Intel 80386, version 1, stripped
  /lib/libc-2.1.1.so: ELF 32-bit LSB shared object, Intel 80386, version 1, not stripped

  QMAGIC  4.7.2  a.out ̺귯̰, ELF  5.4.33  2.1.1 
  ELF ̺  Ÿ ֽϴ.

   ϴ Ʈ Ͻýۿ ʿ δ  ϼ.
  ̺귯 δ  ̳ʸ ´  Ǳ üũ
  ƾ߸ մϴ.  Ŀ ʿ ̺귯 ε ϸ
  κ  ޽  ׳ ߾ ϴ.

  4.4.  PAM  NSS   å

   ýۿ ldd  Ȯ    εǴ ̺귯
  ʿ  ֽϴ.

  4.4.1.  PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules)

    ý PAM(Pluggable Authentication Modules) 
  ִٸ Ʈũ  PAM    غ ־ մϴ.
  ׷  α Ұ Դϴ.  ؼ PAM ̶
  ڸ ϰ  ڵ 񽺿  ׼ Ʈϴ
  ϰ ȭ Դϴ. ý PAM  ִ 
  Ȯغ ϵũ /etc 丮 pam.conf ̳ pam.d
  丮 ִ üũ ʽÿ. ׷  ִٸ Ʋ ּ
  pam  ϰ ִ Դϴ(ٸ δ login Ͽ 
  ldd  غ Դϴ. libpam.so   µǸ PAM  ʿϴٴ
  Դϴ).

  Ե, Ʈũ ־   ɹ Դϴ. ӽſ
  ̷   ׼   ִ  ̵ ϵ ׸
   ִ ״ Դϴ. , ƮϿ  
    /etc/pam.conf  θ  PAM 
  ȭų  ֽϴ.  ϴ.

  ______________________________________________________________________
  OTHER   auth       optional     /lib/security/pam_permit.so
  OTHER   account    optional     /lib/security/pam_permit.so
  OTHER   password   optional     /lib/security/pam_permit.so
  OTHER   session    optional     /lib/security/pam_permit.so
  ______________________________________________________________________

  , /lib/security/pam_permit.so  Ʈ Ͻý
  Ͻʽÿ.  ̺귯 ܿ 8K  ҰϹǷ 
  δ㽺 ʽϴ.

    ̷ ϸ    ӽ ̳
  񽺿  ƹ Ѿ ׼  ִٴ Դϴ.  
   Ʈũ ȿ Ű  ϴ Ȳ̶
  ϵũ PAM  Ϻ Ȥ θ  Ʈ Ͻý
  ؾ߸ մϴ. PAM    Ǳ о 
  /lib/security  ʿ  ̺귯 Ʈ Ͻý
  Ͻʽÿ.

   /lib/libpam.so  Ʈũ ԽѾ߸ մϴ. տ
  /bin/login  ldd    ̹   ġä
  Դϴ.

  4.4.2.  NSS (Name Service Switch)

   glibc(ϸ libc6) ϰ ִٸ name service   غ
  ־߸ մϴ. ׷  α Ұ Դϴ. 
  /etc/nsswich.conf   񽺿  ͺ̽ 
  Ʈմϴ.  Ʈ (  DNS, NIS lookup )
  ׼  ʿ䰡 ٸ    nsswitch.conf ϸ
  غϸ ˴ϴ.

  ______________________________________________________________________
         passwd:     files
         shadow:     files
         group:      files
         hosts:      files
         services:   files
         networks:   files
         protocols:  files
         rpc:        files
         ethers:     files
         netmasks:   files
         bootparams: files
         automount:  files
         aliases:    files
         netgroup:   files
         publickey:  files
  ______________________________________________________________________

  ̰  񽺰   Ͽ Ǵ  
  Դϴ.  /lib/libnss_files.so.1  ԽѾ մϴ. ̰
   (file lookup) ó   εǴ ̺귯Դϴ.
  Ʈũ Ʈ ׼ ̶   nsswitch.conf
    ʿ䰡 ֽϴ. ڼ  nsswitch  
  ϼ.   service 鿡   شϴ
  /lib/libnss_service.so.1 ϵ ԽѾ߸ Ѵٴ 
  Ͻʽÿ.

  4.5.  

  ȭ Ŀ Ѵٸ   Ʈũκ  
  εؾ ؾ߸ մϴ.    ÷
   ִٸ ftape  zftape  ԽѾ ϰ SCSI 
   ִٸ SCSI   ԽѾ ϸ  ޻ȲϿ
  Ʈ ׼ؾ Ѵٸ PPP  SLIP   ԽѾ մϴ.

  ̷  /lib/modules  θ ˴ϴ.   insmod, rmmod,
  lsmod α׷ ԽѾ մϴ.  ڵ εϰʹٸ
  modprobe, depmod, swapout  ԽѾ մϴ. kerneld  Ѵٸ
  kerneld  /etc/conf.modules   ߾ ԽѾ մϴ.
  ,  ν  ֵ    ߿
   ƿƼ ũ ־ ʿ  εν
  Ʈũ  ϴµ ֽϴ.   ̽
  ٷ ϴ Ȳ̶  ̿ϴ  ü  ̹
   Ŵ  Ŀ  ͺ   Դϴ.

   ext2  ý Ʈϱ ؼ ũ ext2  
   ݵ Ŀο Ѿ߸ մϴ.  ΰ 
  ؼ  ȵ˴ϴ.

  4.6.   λ׵

  login  Ϻ ý α׷ /var/run/utmp ϰ /var/log
  丮    ų  ֽϴ.   
  ֽʽÿ.:

            mkdir -p /mnt/var/{log,run}
            touch /mnt/var/run/utmp

  , ʿ  ̺귯  ġߴٸ ldconfig 
  Ѽ Ʈ Ͻý  /etc/ld.so.cache  ũ
  ֽʽÿ. ĳ δ  ̺귯 ãƾ 
  մϴ. ld.so.cache  ũ Ϸ  ɾ մϴ.

            chdir /mnt; chroot /mnt /sbin/ldconfig

  ldconfig   Ʈ Ͻýۿ ؼ ĳ ũ ϹǷ
  ݵ chroot  ʿմϴ.

  4.7.   Ͻý ϱ

  ϴ Ʈ Ͻý  ٸ 𸶿ƮŰ Ϸ ī 
  Ѿ մϴ.

            umount /mnt
            dd if=DEVICE bs=1k | gzip -v9 > rootfs.gz

     rootfs.gz    ٵ ٷ ̰ 
   Ʈ ϽýԴϴ.  ũ⸦ Ȯؼ    ÷
  Ͽ   üũؾ߸ մϴ;    ʴ´ٸ
  ǵư   ϵ  մϴ. ``Ʈ Ͻý ũ⸦
  ̱'' κ ϸ Ʈ Ͻý ũ⸦ ̴  
  Ʈ   Դϴ.

  5.  Ŀ ϱ

    Ϻ  Ʈ Ͻý  Ǿϴ. 
   Ŀ  Դϴ. κ   ý Ŀ
  ״ Ʈ ؼ װɷ Ʈص   󼭴
   Ŀ ߸   ֽϴ.

   Ѱ  Ŀ ũ Դϴ.    boot/root
    Ѵٸ Ŀ  󿡼  ū  Ǳ 
    ũ⸦  ʿ䰡 ֽϴ. Ŀ ũ⸦ ̷ Ŀο
    ýۿ ʿ ּ ɸ ƾ մϴ.
  ̰ ʿ    Դϴ. Ʈŷ  
  Դϴ. boot/root ý ⵿ϴ Ͱ  ٸ ũ
  ̺꿡    ʽÿ. Ÿ ʿ ̽鵵
    ϴ. տ ߵ  ext2  ý
  Ʈϱ ؼ ũ ext2   ŭ ݵ Ŀξȿ
  ԽѾ߸ մϴ.

  ּ ɸ  Ŀ ٸ  ٽ  ߰ 
   Ȯ ʽÿ. Ƹ boot/root Ͻý ֵ 뵵
  ջ Ʈ Ͻý ϰ ϱ  ״ ̸ 
  Ŀ  ʿմϴ.    ϵ 
   ְ  ̺긦 ׼ϱ ؼ Ftape 
  ߸ ϴ ý ִٰ սô,  Ftape  ϰ ִ 
  Ʈ̺꿡  ߻ߴٸ   Ἥ 
   ϴ. ᱹ,   ġ , ftape   ٽ
  ν Ŀ   о  ִٴ  ˴ϴ.

    ϰ ϴ ٴ, ý Ŀο ִ   I/O
   boot/root  Ŀο ״ ԽѾ Ѵٴ Դϴ.

  Ŀ   Ŀμҽ  ִ  ֽϴ.
      ְ ǾǷ /usr/src/linux ġ 
  ʽÿ. Ŀ   Ѵٸ boot/root ý  
  ϴ. Ŀ   ''make zImage''  ؾ
  ϼ.

  6.   ͵ ϳ  :  

    Ŀΰ  Ʈ Ͻý  ֽϴ. ¥
  boot/root ũ ڴٸ Ŀΰ  Ʈ Ͻý ģ
  뷮   Ͽ   Ȯ ƾ մϴ.  
  ¥ boot+root ũ ٸ Ʈ Ͻý  ũ 
   Ȯ ƾ մϴ.

  , Ʈũ Ŀ ƮŰµ ־ Ʈδ  LILO 
    θ ؾ߸ մϴ. ٸ δ LILO   ʰ
  Ŀ  Ͽ īؼ   ϴ  ֽϴ.
  LILO     LILO   ϵ  ʱȭų
   ĸ͸ ýÿ Ŀο ˷  ִٴ Դϴ(
  ý /etc/lilo.conf   üũ ʽÿ.    ְ
   ȿ ''append=...'' ϴ  ִٸ  ̹  
  ִ Դϴ). LILO     Ʈũ 
   뷮   Ѵٴ Դϴ. LILO    Ŀ
  Ͻý̶ Ҹ    ý  ű⿡
  Ŀΰ  ۿ LILO  ʿ ϴ  ϵ Ƶξ߸ մϴ.

  LILO  Ͻðڴٸ  оð  Ŀ ϴ 
  Ͻðڴٸ ``LILO  Ŀθ '' κ ǳʶٽñ ٶϴ.

  6.1.  Ͽ LILO  Ŀ Բ 

      LILO      Դϴ. 
    ˴ϴ.

  ______________________________________________________________________

            boot      =/dev/fd0
            install   =/boot/boot.b
            map       =/boot/map
            read-write
            backup    =/dev/null
            compact
            image     = KERNEL
            label     = Bootdisk
            root      =/dev/fd0
  ______________________________________________________________________

  ̵ ĶͿ ؼ LILO   Ͻʽÿ. 
   ϵũ /etc/lilo.conf Ͽ ִ append = ... 
    ȭ  ״ ־߸  Դϴ.

    bdlilo.conf  ̸ Ͻʽÿ.

   Ŀ Ͻý̶ Ҹ  Ͻý ߸ մϴ.
  ̰ Ʈ Ͻý۰  Դϴ.

  , Ͻý ũ⸦ 󸶷 ؾ ˾Ƴ մϴ. 
  Ŀ   ũⰡ  Ȯϰ(ls -l KERNEL"  µ 
  1024  ø Դϴ) ű⿡ 50  մϴ. 50 
  inode      ϵ鿡 ʿ 뷫 ũԴϴ.
  ϽŴٸ Ȯ    ֽϴ. ƴϸ ׳ 50 
  ϼ.   ϽŴٸ  ũ⸦  ˳ Ƶ
  ϴ. ֳϸ ù° ũ · Ŀθ Ǳ
  Դϴ.  ڸ KERNEL_BLOCKS  θ սô.

  ÷  ̺꿡 ְ   ext2 Ŀ Ͻý
  ô(ǻ ̺ ̸ /dev/fd0 մϴ).

            mke2fs -i 8192 -m 0 /dev/fd0 KERNEL_BLOCKS

  `` -i 8192 ''  8192 Ʈ  ϳ inode  Ҵմϴ.  ,
   Ͻý Ʈϰ lost+found 丮   LILO 
   dev  boot 丮 ϴ.

            mount /dev/fd0 /mnt
            rm -rf /mnt/lost+found
            mkdir /mnt/{boot,dev}

   , ̽ /dev/null  /dev/fd0  ϴ. ̽ ѹ
  ã  ׳   ý۷κ -R ɼ ־ ؿ
  ˴ϴ.

            cp -R /dev/{null,fd0} /mnt/dev

  LILO   Ʈδ boot.b  纻 ʿ ϴµ,  boot.b 
    ýۿ  ˴ϴ.    /boot
  丮 ֽϴ.

            cp /boot/boot.b /mnt/boot

      LILO  Ŀΰ Բ ÷Ƿ 
  ֽϴ.    Ʈ丮 ϴ.

            cp bdlilo.conf KERNEL /mnt

   LILO  ʿ ϴ  ͵ Ŀ Ͻýۿ Ƿ
  غ  ϴ. LILO  -r ÷״ Ʈδ ٸ Ʈ
  ġ  ˴ϴ.

           lilo -v -C bdlilo.conf -r /mnt

  LILO ƹ    ߴٸ Ŀ Ͻý 
     Դϴ.

  ______________________________________________________________________
    total 361
      1 -rw-r--r--   1 root     root          176 Jan 10 07:22 bdlilo.conf
      1 drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root         1024 Jan 10 07:23 boot/
      1 drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root         1024 Jan 10 07:22 dev/
    358 -rw-r--r--   1 root     root       362707 Jan 10 07:23 vmlinuz
    boot:
    total 8
      4 -rw-r--r--   1 root     root         3708 Jan 10 07:22 boot.b
      4 -rw-------   1 root     root         3584 Jan 10 07:23 map
    dev:
    total 0
      0 brw-r-----   1 root     root       2,   0 Jan 10 07:22 fd0
      0 crw-r--r--   1 root     root       1,   3 Jan 10 07:22 null
  ______________________________________________________________________

    Ͱ  ũⰡ ణ Ʋ   
  ʽÿ.

   ̺  ״ ΰ ``ũ  '' 
  ñ ٶϴ.

  6.2.  LILO  Ŀθ 

  LILO   ʰڴٸ dd  Ἥ Ŀ Ʈũ ƾ
  մϴ.

            % dd if=KERNEL of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k
            353+1 records in
            353+1 records out

    dd  353   ڵ 1 κзڵ带
  ־ϴ.  Ŀ  պκ 354 ϵ ϰ
  ˴ϴ.  ڸ KERNEL_BLOCKS  θ  νʽÿ. 
    Դϴ.

   Ʈ̽  ü   Ʈ read/write 
  εǵ  Ӵϴ.

                 rdev /dev/fd0 /dev/fd0
                 rdev -R /dev/fd0 0

   °  rdev ɿ 빮 -R  Կ ϼ.

  6.3.  ũ  

  Ŀ ̹  ũ   ֽϴ. ̰ ٸ
  ɼǵ Ҿ Ʈ Ͻý 𿡼 ã  մϴ.
    rdev  Ἥ Ȯ   մϴ.   
   ؼմϴ.

     bits  0-10:   ũ ϴ . 1024 byte   Դϴ
     bits 11-13:    ʽϴ
     bit     14:   ũ ε Ÿ ÷
     bit     15:   Ʈ Ͻý εϱ  ѹ  ϴ ÷

   15 Ʈ Ǿ  ýÿ ο  
  ޽ ް  Դϴ.     ũ  
  ʿմϴ.

    boot/root    ƴϸ ΰ "boot+root"
   Ʈ       찡   ֽϴ.

  1.   ϸ ٸ  Ʈ ý Ŀ ٷ ڿ
     ̾ ġϰ ǹǷ   ù°  (KERNEL_BLOCKS
      ) ˴ϴ. Ʈ 14  1 , Ʈ 15  0  ؾ
     մϴ.

      ,  ¥ ũ µ Ʈ Ͻý 253
     (Դϴ) Ѵٰ Ĩô. ũ  
     253() Ʈ 14  1, Ʈ 15  0   Դϴ. 
     ũ   Ϸ ܼ   ȯ ϸ
     ˴ϴ. 253 + (2^14) = 253 + 16384 = 16637 Դϴ.   
       ƹ ظ ðڴٸ ڰ⸦ Ἥ  
      ȯ ø ذ  Դϴ.

  2. ΰ  Ʈ ٸ Ʈ Ͻý  °  0
      Ϻ  ̰    0 Դϴ. Ʈ 14 1
     , Ʈ 15  1  մϴ.  ũ   
       2^14 + 2^15 = 49152  ˴ϴ.

  ũ 忡 شϴ  Ǳ  ,   rdev -r
   մϴ.  ؾ Կ Ͻʽÿ. LILO
  ϰڴٸ Ʈ Ŀ ,   /mnt/vmlinuz  
  rdev ɾ Ķͷ ־ մϴ. LILO   ʰ Ŀ
   dd  ߴٸ  ÷ ̽ ̸ ݴϴ
  ( /dev/fd0).

         rdev -r KERNEL_OR_FLOPPY_DRIVE  VALUE

  LILO Ѵٸ   𸶿Ʈ Űʽÿ.

  6.4.  Ʈ Ͻý Ͽ 

   ܰ Ʈ Ͻý ÷ Ͽ  Դϴ.

  o  Ʈ Ͻý Ŀΰ  Ͽ ´ٸ dd ɿ seek
     ɼ ֽʽÿ.  ɼ 󸶸ŭ  ǳʶپ ϴ
     մϴ.

               dd if=rootfs.gz of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k seek=KERNEL_BLOCKS

  o   Ʈ Ͻý ι° Ͽ ´ٸ ù° 
     ϰ ι°  ̺꿡   Ʈ Ͻý
     ϴ.

             dd if=rootfs.gz of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k

  մϴ.  ϴ! ޻Ȳ   α 
   Ʈũ  ϴ ׻ Ȯغñ ٶϴ! 
  Ʈ ϼ̴ٸ    оʽÿ.

  7.  ַλװ ذ

  Ʈũ   ܹ ϴ   ϴ. Ʈũ
   Ϲ ٹ 켱   ýκ ʿ
  ҵ     ý   
  ܼ   ޽ Ÿ ܰ迡 ϴ Դϴ. ϴ
  ý  ޽ ϴ ܰ迡 ̸   
  ̳ ٸϴ. ֳϸ  ܰ  µ ޽ 
    ľ   Ƿ ý Ȱ 
      ذ ⸸ ϸ Ǳ Դϴ.
  ý ƹ ޽  ׳ ߾     ã
    Դϴ. ý ƮǾ  ޽   ִ
  ܰ Դٴ    ҵ ϰ  ű
    Ǿٴ  ˴ϴ.  ý ƹ ޽
   ʰ ߾ ȴٸ Ʒ    ʽÿ.

  o    ޽  

          Kernel panic: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on XX:YY

  ̴  ߻ϴ ̸   ۿ ϴ. 켱 ̽
  XX:YY  ̽ ڵ Ʈ ִ üũϼ. װ ùٸ
  Ʈ ̽ΰ? ƴ϶  Ʋ rdev -R  
  ʾҰų ߸ ̹  rdev   Դϴ. ̽
  ڵ尡 ùٸٸ  Ŀγ ϵǾִ ̽ ̹
  Ǳ üũ . ÷ǵũ, ũ, ext2 Ͻýۿ 
    ƴ Ŀο  Ǿ ȮϽʽÿ.

  o  Ʈũ   ߴ 丮 ԵǾ ִ
     Ȯմϴ.  ġ ϴ ٶ Ʈ /bin 
       /rootdisk/bin  ϴ  Ǽ ϱ ϴ.

  o  Ʈ Ͻý /lib/libc.so  ũ ϵũ /lib
     丮 ִ ũ  Ȯմϴ.

  o  Ʈ Ͻý /dev 丮 ɺ ũ  ý
     װͰ  Ȯմϴ. Ư /dev/console ũ κ 
     ݵ ־ մϴ.

  o  /dev/tty1, /dev/null, /dev/zero, /dev/mem, /dev/ram, /dev/kmem
      ԵǾ Ȯմϴ.

  o  Ŀ  Ȯմϴ. α ܰ迡 ٴٸ  ʿ 
     ڿ鿡   Ŀο Ǿ  Ǿ
     ȵ˴ϴ.  ũ ext2    ݵ Ŀο
     Ǿ߸ մϴ.

  o  Ŀ Ʈ ̽ ũ  ùٸ Ȯմϴ.

  ϴ  Ϲ ׵ Ȯߴٸ   ü ϵ
  Ȯմϴ.

  1. init  /sbin/init Ȥ /bin/init   ԵǾ
     Ȯմϴ. డ  Ȯմϴ.

  2. ldd init ؼ init  ̺귯 üũմϴ.  ̰
     libc.so    Ͽư Ȯմϴ. ʿ ̺귯 δ
     Խ״ Ȯմϴ.

  3.  ̺귯鿡  ׿ شϴ ˸ δ  ִ
     Ȯմϴ. a.out  ld.so  ־ ϰ ELF  ld-linux.so 
     ־ մϴ.

  4. Ʈũ Ͻýۿ ִ /etc/inittab   getty(Ȥ
     agetty, mgetty, getty_ps  ̸ getty  α׷) ȣϴ
     κ üũմϴ.  κ ϵ ũ inittab  ϸ鼭
     ǮϿ Ȯ ϴ.  ϴ α׷  
     ĳ   Ǿ Ȯմϴ. inittab  
     ýۿ   κԴϴ.   init   
     Ǵ init α׷   ٸ,   ý Ư
     ̱ Դϴ. init    ٷ  
     init  inittab      ,  ý ü
     Ʈ  Ͼ  ÷ ũ 󿡼 Ȱ
     Ͼ ϴ Դϴ. /etc/inittab  ý ʱȭ Ʈ
      ִ ȮϽʽÿ.  Ͽ ý ʱȭ ũƮ
     Ű ɾ ݵ ԵǾ ־߸ մϴ.

  5. init  ߴ ó getty  ؼ ldd  Ѽ getty 
      ʿ ϴ Ȯϰ ʿ ̺귯 δ Ʈ
     Ͻýۿ ִ Ȯմϴ.

  6.  α׷( bash  ash ) Խ״ Ȯմϴ.
      α׷ rc ũƮ Ű α׷Դϴ.

  7.  Ͽ /etc/ld.so.cache  Խ״ٸ װ
     ũմϴ.

  init  ۵Ǳ ϴµ   ޽  :

            Id xxx respawning too fast: disabled for 5 minutes

  ̰ init  ߻Ų ޽μ ַ getty  login  ڸ
  ׾ ˸ Դϴ. getty login  ϴ ϵ
  ̺귯 Ȯ ʽÿ. /etc/inittab  ȣ Ȯ
  ȮϽʽÿ.  getty κ ̻ ޽ ޾Ҵٸ Ƹ
  /etc/inittab   ȣ  Ʋ Դϴ. getty
  α׷ ɼ پմϴ.   agetty α׷
   ȣ  쵵 ֽϴ.

   α Ʈ    ̸ ־µ ý
  Ʈ ﰢ Ǵٸ α  䱸Ѵٸ,  Ƹ PAM
  ̳ NSS  õ  ̴ϴ. ``PAM  NSS  å'' 
  ϼ. shadow password  ϸ鼭  /etc/shadow 
  Ʈũ   ʾұ   ֽϴ.

   Ͽ ִ df  Ϻ    
  ޽ ޴ : df: not found

   ΰ ȮϽʽÿ. (1)  ̳ʸ ġ 丮 PATH
   ִ (2)  α׷ ʿ ϴ ̺귯 δ
  Խ״.

  8.  ׹ 

  8.1.  Ʈ Ͻý ũ⸦ ̴ 

  δ Ʈ Ͻý ʹ Ŀ  ص   忡 
     ֽϴ.   ý ũ⸦ ̴ 
  Դϴ.  ȿ ͺ ߽ϴ.

     ũ е δ
        ⺻ ÷  1440 K  ˵˴ϴ,   
        е ˵ մϴ. fdformat ɾ ũ  
        ũ   ֽϴ: 1600, 1680, 1722, 1743, 1760, 1840,
        1920. κ 1440 K ̺ 1722 K   ϸ
        ڵ  Ʈũ    ֽϴ. fdformat 
          /usr/src/linux/Documentation/devices.txt 
        Ͻʽÿ.

      ٲ۴
         α ִ  bash, tcsh   ̰͵
        ũ⵵ ũ  ̺귯 ʿ մϴ. ash, lsh, kiss,
        smash  淮  ξ ۰ ̺귯  ʿ 
        ʰų  䱸 Ƿ    ֽϴ. ̷ 
         κ  Ȩ ã  ֽϴ.
        <http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/shells/>   
           Ʈũ ԽŲ  rc ϵ  ɾ
        ų  ־ մϴ.

     Ʈ ̺귯 ̳ʸ Ѵ

        ̺귯 ̳ʸ  Ʈ (, 
        ɺ ϴ) · մϴ. ̷ Ͽ  "file"
         ϸ  "not stripped"   µ˴ϴ.
        ̳ʸ Ʈ Ͻý     
        ̴  ϴ.

                        objcopy --strip-all FROM TO

     ̺귯     ϴ.

                  objcopy --strip-debug FROM TO

     ߿  ϵ ƿƼ ũ űϴ
        Ʈ α ÿ ݵ ʿ  ƴ϶ ׷ ̳ʸ
        ƿƼ ũ Űܳϴ. ڼ  ``ƿƼ ũ
        ''  ʽÿ.  ƿƼ ũ Űܳ ͵
           մϴ.

  8.2.  ũ ƴ Ʈ ý

  ``Ʈ Ͻý ''  ý ð ÿ ũ
  εǴ  ƮϽý   ߽ϴ.  
    ־ ַ ˴ϴٸ ޸𸮰  Ϻ ý
  ġ  ũ 鸸 뷮 Ǵ  Ƿ ̶
   󿡼  ƮǴ ƮϽý ߸ մϴ.

  ̷  ý ٸ ̽ ƴ   ״ 
  ൵ ʿ    Ʈ Ͻý  ͺ
  ϴ.  츮  ʹ  ٸǷ  並
  ڽϴ.   ϸ   ִ  ξ ٴ
    ñ ٶϴ.

  1. Ʈϵ鿡 Ҵ  ִ  󸶳 Ǵ Ѵ. 
     ¥ boot/root ũ ٸ Ŀ ϰ Ʈ
     Ͻý       뷮 ߾ Ѵ.

  2. mke2fs  Ἥ    ũ Ʈ Ͻý .

  3. տ    ý Ѵ.

  4.  Ǿ  ý 𸶿ƮŰ 4.7   ó
     ũϷ . , Ű .

  5. տ  Ŀ ÷ǵϿ ´. ũ 带
       Ʈ 14  0 Ѵ. ̴ Ʈ Ͻý
     ũ ε ʵ ϴ ̴. տ   rdev 
     Ѵ.

  6. տ  Ʈ Ͻý ÷ Ͽ ´.

    ֽϴ.   ũ Ʈ ٸ 
  ι° ũ  Ʈ Ͻý   ˴ϴ.  ϵũ
    Űܿ ʿ䰡 .  ¥ boot/root ũ
  鼭 LILO ϰڴٸ  Ͽ Ŀ, LILO , Ʈ
    ִ   ý  ,  LILO 
  Ű ˴ϴ.

  8.3.  ƿƼ ũ 

  ƿƼ     ϴ --  ˵ ũ
   ý  ű⿡ ϵ īϸ Ǵ Դϴ.
  ƮϿ  ƿƼ ϸ ̿Ϸ ý Ʈ 
  ƿƼ   Ʈϸ ˴ϴ.

    պκп ƿƼ ϸ /usr 丮 Ʈ 
  ִٰ ߽ϴ.   ̳ʸ ƿƼ  
  ϸ鼭 /bin 丮 Ʒ ġϰ Ǵ Դϴ. 
  /usr/bin  PATH  Խѵθ ̸ ׼   ֽϴ.
  ȭϿ ʿ  ̺귯 ƿƼ  /lib
  丮 θ ˴ϴ.

  ƿƼ ũ ۽ ؾ ߿ ׵  ֽϴ.

  1. ٽ ý ̳ʸ ̺귯 ƿƼ ũ 
     ʽÿ. ƿƼ ũ ý Ʈ Ŀ Ʈ  ֱ
     Դϴ.

  2. ÷ ϰ ÷ ̺긦 ÿ  
     ϴ.   ÷  ̺긦  ִص ƿƼ
      Ʈ Ǿִ ȿ   ̺긦 ׼  
     ٴ Դϴ.

  3. ƿƼ Ͽ ִ  ϴ ӵ  ϴ.

  η ``ƿƼ ũ ߺ''   ƿƼ ũ  ϵ
   ݴϴ. Ǵ ̵ ߰   Դϴ: ũ
  ٷ α׷(format, fdisk)  ýۿ α׷(tt/mke2fs,
  fsck, debugfs, isofs.o/),  ؽƮ  (elvis,jove), 
  ī̺ ƿƼ(gzip, tar, cpio, afio), 
  ƿƼ(mt,tob,taper),  ƿƼ(ppp.o, slip.o, minicom),
  ̽ ƿƼ(setserial, mknod)  ֽϴ.

  9.   ϴ 

  , ,   ֿ 鿡 Ǵ Ʈũ
  ѹ غ  ֽϴ. ̷ ͵    ͺ
  ϰ Ǿ ֽϴ.   Ʈũ  ü
  ⿡   ϰ ֽϴٸ,  ܿ ׷
  Ʈũ  ɵ ϱ   پ ⱳ
  մϴ. ù°,   ϵ ؾ մϴ. 
   Է  ־ ϰ پ ̽ ̹
  εҼ ־ մϴ. °,   ġ ɼ Է¹޾
   ڵ ó  ־ մϴ. , 
  Ʈũ 밳   ġɰ ġ  Բ
   ֽϴ..

   Ʈũ initrd(initial ramdisk) Ҹ 
  ̿մϴ.   Ŀ 2.0.x 뿡 ó ԵǾ Ŀ 
  ܰ Ʈŵϴ. ϴ, Ŀ ó Ʈ  ʱȭ ũ
  ̹ Ʈũ оɴϴ. ʱȭ ũ ̹ ¥ Ʈ
  Ͻý εǱ⿡ ռ  Ǿ α׷  Ʈ
  ϽýԴϴ.  α׷ ý ȯ ؼ ڷ Ͽ
  پ Ʈɼ   ְ ݴϴ.  ¥ Ʈũ 
  ̽ ε   ֽϴ. ̰ ַ Ŀο
  Ǿ  ߰  εմϴ.  ʱȭ α׷
   Ŀ  ¥ Ʈ̹ εؼ  
  ӰϰԵ˴ϴ. initrd     
  /usr/src/linux/Documentation/initrd.txt 
  <ftp://elserv.ffm.fgan.de/pub/linux/loadlin-1.6/initrd-example.tgz> 
  Ͻʽÿ.

     ġ ũ   ۵ϴ 
  ý۵ ҽڵ带  밭 캻 Դϴ.   Ȯ
  ,     ö󰨿   ٲپ ο
    帳ϴ.

  (v.3.1) ``Ͽ LILO  Ŀ Բ '' κп
   LILO Ʈ ״ մϴ.  Ʈũ LILO
   ޽ Ķ͸ ̿Ͽ Ʈ  ޽(''Welcome to the
  Slackware Linux bootkernel disk!'') ȭ鿡 մϴ.  ޽
  ڷ Ͽ ʿ  Ʈ Ķ  Է մϴ.
    Ʈ Ͻý ι° ũ ε˴ϴ.  ڴ
  ʱȭ óϴ ¾ ũƮ Ű ˴ϴ. ȭ
  Ŀ     Ŀ پϰ غ ΰ 
  ߿ ڰ ڽ ϵ 翡 ´  ϳ 󾲴 
  ϰ ֽϴ.

  (v.4.0)  LILO Ʈ ̿մϴ.  
  Ʈũ ù° ũ   ̰  Ư init
  α׷ ⵿ŵϴ.  α׷ ̹   ʿ
    ũ ߰ ϵ εϰ ˴ϴ.

  (V.1.3)  ġũ ߿     ֽϴ.
  ̰ SYSLINUX δ Ἥ پ ε ɼ  , initrd
  ̹ ؼ ġ ڸ ȳմϴ.  
  Ư init   ϴ  մϴ.

  10.   ޴ (FAQ : Frequently Asked Question)

  Q. boot/root ũ Ʈߴµ ƹ ϵ  ʽϴ. 
  ؾ ϳ?

  ``ذ'' κ ʽÿ.

  Q. // Ʈũ  ϴ ΰ?

  `` ϴ '' κ ʽÿ.

  Q. XYZ ̹  Ʈũ ?

       ̷ Ʈ  Ŀ ޴
  Դϴ.  Ŀε    ̽ ̹
  ϴ  Ŀε̹Ƿ  SCSI  IDE Ʈѷ 
  ִٸ ش ̹  Ŀο  ɼ ϴ.

  a1 丮   Ʈѷ ŸԿ ´ IDE  SCSI Ŀ
  Ͻʽÿ. Ͻ Ŀο  xxxxkern.cfg   ش
  ̹  Ŀο ִ Ȯ  ֽϴ. ϴ ̽
  Ʈ ȿ ִٸ,  Ŀ  ǻ͸ ýų   Դϴ.
  xxxxkern.tgz  ٿ    Ʈũ ۿ 
  κп   Ʈũ Ͻʽÿ.

   , rdev  Ἥ Ŀ Ʈ ̽ üũؾ մϴ.

          rdev zImage

  rdev  Ŀ    Ʈ ̽ 
  մϴ.   ϴ Ʈ ̽ ƴ϶, rdev 
  Ἥ Ʈ ̽ ٲ־ մϴ.    ٿ
  Ŀο /dev/sda2  Ʈ ̽ Ǿ ִµ  ڽ Ʈ
  ̽ /dev/sda8 ̶ SCSI Ƽ̶ սô. Ʈ
  ϱ ؼ    մϴ.

          rdev zImage /dev/fd0

   Ʈũ ¾ ˰ ;Ͻ 𸣰ڴµ, װ
   HOWTO    Դϴ. ׷ е 
  ġ̵带 ðų   غñ ٶϴ.  
  ``ڷ''  ϼ.

  Q. Ʈ Ŀ ο Ŀη Ϸ  ؾ ϳ?

   ý  Ʈ  dd ɾ Ἥ ܼ
  ƮϿ Ŀ ϸ ˴ϴ. boot/root ũ  cp
  ɾ մϴ. Ʈũ  ڼ   HOWTO 
  ''Ʈ''  õ κ ϼ.   Ʈũ Ŀ
  ϴµ ״ ˴ϴ.

  Q. Ʈ ϵ ο ϵ Ϸ  ؾ
  ϳ?

     Ʈũ  ý  ߴ DEVICE
  (`` ý '' Ծϴ)  ؿ , 
   ý Ʈؼ ʿ κ մϴ.  Ʈ
  Ͻý 𼭺 ߰ 󸶸ŭ  ߴ ݵ
  صξ մϴ.

            dd if=/dev/fd0 bs=1k skip=ROOTBEGIN count=BLOCKS | gunzip > DEVICE
            mount -t ext2 DEVICE /mnt

    ``  ý ϱ'' κп ߴ
  ó ۾ , Ʈ Ͻý ٽ ũ űϴ. ̶,
  ο Ʈ Ͻý ġ ٲ ʾҴٸ Ŀ ٽ
  ִ´ٰų ũ 带  ʿ ϴ.

  Q. ٽ   ; LILO  ұ ϴµ  ؾ ϳ?

     Ʈũ   ƴմϴٸ  Ǯ̵Ǵ
  Դϴ.  Ϸ   ʽÿ.

                /sbin/lilo -u

  ٸ δ LILO  ص  dd  Ἥ Ʈͷ
    ֽϴ.   ÷ LILO   
  Ͻñ ٶϴ.

  DOS     DOS ɾ Ͻʽÿ.

                FDISK /MBR

  MBR   Ʈ ڵ(Master Boot Record) ϴ Դϴ.
    Ƽ ̺ ǵ帮 鼭 Ʈ͸  DOS
  Ʈͷ ٲپ ݴϴ. Ϻϰ  ؾ Ѵٰ ϴ
      ʰ   LILO   Werner
  Almesberger     õϰ ֽϴ.   
  Ȯմϴ.

  Q. Ŀΰ Ʈũ  Ҿȴµ ýų  ?

  غس Ʈũ ôٸ,     ũ
  Ʈѷ Ÿ(IDE Ȥ SCSI) ´  Ŀ ϴ Դϴ.
  ̰  `` XYZ ̹  Ʈũ ? ''  
  亯 ߽ϴ. ׷  Ŀ Ἥ ǻ͸ ƮŲ 
  ջ κ ġñ ٶϴ.

  Ͻ Ŀ Ʈ ̽  Ͻô ũ Ÿ԰ Ƽ
  Ǿ ʾ  ֽϴ.    Ϲ
  Ŀ SCSI Ʈ ̽ /dev/sda2  ִµ  
  ƮƼ /dev/sda8  Ǿִٰ սô.   Ŀγ Ʈ
  ̽  ־ մϴ.

      ޶ Ŀ ϳ DOS    ٸ
  ü̶ ϴ װɷε Ŀγ Ʈ ̽ ũ
   ٲܼ ֽϴ. rdev  Ŀϳ Ǿִ 
   ٲν Ŀ  ٲٴ Դϴ.   
  ý  ֵ  hex ͸   ִٸ rdev  Ȱ
   س  ֽϴ. --   DOS   ƿƼ ũ͸
    ֽϴ. ͸ Ἥ Ŀγ   üũϰ
  ʿϴٸ ̸ Ͻø ˴ϴ.

       HEX     DEC  DESCRIPTION
       0x01F8  504  Low byte of RAMDISK word
       0x01F9  505  High byte of RAMDISK word
       0x01FC  508  Root minor device number - see below
       0X01FD  509  Root major device number - see below

  ũ  ؼ ``ũ  '' κп  ֽϴ.

  , ̳ ̽ ѹ Ʈ Ͻý ƮǴ
  ̽ Ǿ մϴ.    ϴ.

  DEVICE          MAJOR MINOR
  /dev/fd0            2     0   1st floppy drive
  /dev/hda1           3     1   partition 1 on 1st IDE drive
  /dev/sda1           8     1   partition 1 on 1st SCSI drive
  /dev/sda8           8     8   partition 8 on 1st SCSI drive

  ϴ   ߴٸ   ƿƼ ũ ͳ
  rawrite.exe  α׷ Ἥ    ־ մϴ.
  rawrite.exe     ԵǾ ֽϴ. ̰
  α׷μ   Ͻý    ƴ϶
  Ʈͺ ״(raw ϰ) ũ ־  α׷Դϴ.
   ƿƼ ϽŴٸ   ũ ùκп
  ״ ־߸ մϴ.

  Q. boot/root  纻 ?

  ڼ ü ð    ڱ Ư ϵǱ ,
       쿡     
  ִ  ϴ.

    ̵ ƿƼ ̵簣   纻
    ս  dd    ϵũ
   Ϸ   ,     ο Ͽ
   ִ Դϴ. ̶  Ʈ ʿ䰡  
  Ʈؼ ȵ˴ϴ. ֳϸ dd  raw device ̽
  ϱ Դϴ.

   ϱ ؼ    ϴ.

            dd if=DEVICENAME of=FILENAME

            ⼭ DEVICENAME   ̺ ̽ ̸̰
            FILENAME  ϵũ Ǵ  ̸Դϴ.

  dd ɿ count Ķ͸ ϸ ũ ü(е  
  2880 ) ϰ ˴ϴ.

    ο  Ϸ   ְ 
  ݴ ϴ.

            dd if=FILENAME of=DEVICENAME

  ̻   ϳ ũ ̺긦  ִٰ 
  Դϴ.   Ÿ ũ ̺    ִٸ, 
  ɾ    ֽϴ.

                      dd if=/dev/fd0 of=/dev/fd1

  Q. Ź Ʈ  "ahaxxxx=nn,nn,nn"  Է ʰ Ʈ
   ?

  ũ ̽ ڵ  ʴ´ٸ ó Ŀο ̽
  Ķ ڿ  ־ մϴ.

             aha152x=0x340,11,3,1

  LILO   Ķ ڿ ϴ    ֽϴ.

  o  ý LILO   Ʈ  ɾ ο ڿ ִ
     .  ̰  Դϴ.

  o  LILO  "lock" Ű带 Ἥ ϴ ɾ  Ʈ
     Ű . ̷ ϸ LILO  Ʈ  Ź  ɼ
     ϰ ˴ϴ.

  o  LILO ϳ append=   . ̶ Ķ ڿ
     ݵ οȣ ־߸ մϴ.

    Ķ ڿ  ɾ  Դϴ.

                zImage  aha152x=0x340,11,3,1 root=/dev/sda1 lock

  ̰ ̽ Ķ ڿ Ѱָ鼭 ÿ Ŀη Ͽ Ʈ
  ̽ /dev/sda1    , ɾ  ü 
  ķ Ʈ  ̸ մϴ.

   APPEND  Դϴ.

                APPEND = "aha152x=0x340,11,3,1"

  Ķ ڿ ɾ ο  οȣ Ἥ ȵǸ,
  ݴ APPEND  ݵ οȣ   մϴ.

  , Ķ ڿ  ϰ Ϸ Ŀ ݵ  ũ
  ŸԿ شϴ ̹  ־߸ մϴ.  ش
  ̹   ʴٸ  Ķ ڿ ƹ ۿ
  ϴ  簡 ǹǷ ̷ ʿ ̹ ϴ
  Ŀ ٽ  ġؾ մϴ. Ŀ ϴ ڼ 
  /usr/src/linux  ż README  ð  FAQ  
  ġ HOWTO  о ʽÿ. ƴϸ  ũ ŸԿ ´ Ϲ
  Ŀ  ġϼŵ ˴ϴ.

  LILO ġ  ñ  ݵ LILO  оñ ٶϴ.
  BOOT  ϰ ϸ Ƽ ջ  ֽϴ.

  Q. Ʈ  "A: cannot execute B"   ϴ. ΰ?

   α׷ ̸ ٸ ƿƼ α׷ ڵ峻  ڵ
  찡 ֽϴ. ̷ 찡 ִ  ƴմϴ.  ̷
      и ϴµ ұϰ Ư α׷
    ã ϴ° ݴϴ. Ư α׷ ڵ峻
  ٸ  ̸ ϰ ִ θ ȮϷ strings  
     grep   ޾ Ȯϸ ˴ϴ.

  ̷     ڽϴ.

  o      shutdown α׷  ڵ峻 /etc/reboot
      ̸ ϰ ֽϴ.    reboot α׷
     ݵ /etc 丮 ؿ ġؾ߸ մϴ.

  o  Ŀ init  ã ؼ  Ǵ 쵵 ֽϴ.

  ̷  ذϱ ؼ, ش α׷ ùٸ 丮
  ΰų (  inittab)  ùٸ 丮
  Ű ؾ մϴ. ƹ ̽½ٸ ϵũ ȯ 
  ȯ  ֽʽÿ. α׷ ϵũ 
  丮 ΰ, ϵũ  inittab,  /etc/rc.d  
    ϴ.

  Q.  Ŀ ũ մϴٸ ũ 0 K  ʱȭ
  ϴ.

  ̷  ߻ϸ ýÿ   Ŀ ޽ ϴ.

           Ramdisk driver initialized : 16 ramdisks of 0K size

  ̴ Ʋ Ʈÿ Ŀ ĶͰ ũ ũ⸦ 0 
  ߱  ̴ϴ. Ƹ LILO  ĶͰ  
  Ǿִ  ϼ Դϴ.

                ramdisk= 0

  Ϻ  ǿ Ե LILO   Ͽ ̷ ɼ 
  ִ  ֽϴ.     Ŀ ϰִ
  Դϴ.    ִٸ ϼ.

   0 K  Ǿִ ũ ϷѴٸ    
  ϴ. ̴ Ŀ д ̾  ֽϴ.

  11.  ڷ

  Ű   Ư  ٸ ׻ ֽ  Ͻʽÿ.

  11.1.  ̸  ִ Ʈũ

    Ʈũ   ִ Դϴ. ɼ  ̷
  Ʈ ̿ϼż Ѱ ϰ ߵ ʵ ݽô.

  o   Ʈũ
     <http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/distributions/slackware/bootdsks.144/>
     Ʈũ
     <http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/distributions/slackware/rootdsks/>
      ̷ Ʈ <http://www.slackware.com/getslack/>

  o   Ʈũ
     <http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/distributions/redhat/current/i386/images/>
      ̷ Ʈ <http://www.redhat.com/mirrors.html>

  o   Ʈũ
     <ftp://ftp.debian.org/pub/debian/dists/stable/main/disks-
     i386/current/>  ̷ Ʈ
     <ftp://ftp.debian.org/pub/debian/README.mirrors.html>

   Ʈũ ܿ   ũ ̹  
  ֽϴ. Ư ϴ  õ  ͵  丮
    ֽϴ.

  <http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/recovery/!INDEX.html>

  o  Tom Oehser   tomsrtbt  Ŀ 2.0  ¥
     boot/root ũԴϴ.  α׷ ϸ Ư¡ ϴ.
     IDE, SCSI, , Ʈ , PCMCIA Ÿ 
     մϴ. ũ    õ  100  ̻
     ƿƼ  ԵǾ ֽϴ. ̹ Ǯ 籸Ҽ ִ
     ũƮ ԵǾ Ƿ ʿϴٸ ο  ÷ 
     ֽϴ.

  o  John Comyns   rescue02   Ŀ 1.3.84  
     ũԴϴ. IDE, ƴ 1542, NCR53C7,8xx  մϴ. ELF
     ̳ʸ   ɾ  Ƿ 
     ýۿ   ֽϴ.  Ŀ ׹ SCSI ī鿡
      ⵵ ε  ֽϴ.  ũ 3 ް ũ
     ϹǷ 4 mb    ýۿ    Դϴ.

  o  Sergei Viznyuk   resque_disk-2.0.22   boot/root
     ũμ Ŀ 2.0.22   մϴ. IDE, پ SCSI
     Ʈѷ, ELF/A.OUT    Ŀο ϰ ֽϴ. 
       ϵũ     ƿƼ
      ֽϴ.

  o  Ŀ 2.0.23   cramdisk ̹ 4 MB  8 MB ӽſ
     밡մϴ. math emulation, Ʈŷ(PPP  ̾ ũƮ,
     NE2000, 3C509), Ʈ ZIP ̺    ϰ
     ֽϴ.   ̹ 4 MB ̻   386 
     밡մϴ. MSDOS  ԵǾ Ƿ Ƽ
     ٿ  ֽϴ.

     <http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/recovery/images>

  11.2.   Ű

  metalab.unc.edu  ũ  Ű   ֽϴ. 
  Ű  ,  ԽŰϴ ϵ  ֱ⸸
  ϸ Ʈ  ڵ Ʈũ  ϴ. 
  ڼ   Ͻʽÿ.
  <http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/recovery/!INDEX.html> 
  ¥   üũϽʽÿ. -- Ű    Ⱓ
  ŵ ʾұ  ũ εǴ  Ʈ Ͻý 
   ʽϴ. ڵ ƴ ٷδ  Yard Ű ̸
  մϴ.

  11.3.  Graham Chapman   ũƮ

  Graham Chapman  Ʈũ   ⿡ ˸  
  ũƮ ۼ߽ϴ.  HOWTO    ηϿ 
  ũƮ Ǿ   ԽŰ ʾҽϴ.  
   Ƿ ֽϴ.

  <http://www.zeta.org.au/~grahamc/linux.html>

   ũƮ ̿ ø  ϴٴ  ƽ Դϴ.
   ũƮ ̿Ͻñ    Ǳ
  оʽÿ. --    ̽ ߸ ϱ Ѵٸ
  Ʈ Ͻý , ׸  Ǿ  ֽϴ.
  Ͻñ  Ȯ  ߴ  ȮϽñ ٶϴ!

  11.4.  LILO -- the Linux loader

  < Werner Almesberger  ۼ Ź ƮδԴϴ. LILO 
   Ʈ  Ʈ μ ʱܰ迡  
  Ƿ ֽϴ.

  <ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/packages/lilo/>

  Metalab   ̷Ʈ Ͻ  ֽϴ.

  11.5.   FAQ  HOWTO 

      Ͻ  ֽϴ.  ׷
  news.answers  comp.os.linux.announce   ʽÿ.

  FAQ   Ʈ ̿Ͻ  ֽϴ.
  <http://linuxdoc.org/FAQ/Linux-FAQ.html>

  HOWTO   Ʈ ̿Ͻ  ֽϴ.
  <http://linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX.html>

     κ   Ʈ Ȩ
  <http://linuxdoc.org/>  Ͻ  ֽϴ.

  11.6.  ũ 

  ο ũ ڵ ۿ  Ź   Ŀο
    ã  ֽϴ.
  /usr/src/linux/Documentation/ramdisk.txt  ʽÿ. Paul Gortmaker
     ũ ۿ  κ ԵǾ ֽϴ.

  11.7.   Ʈ μ

   Ʈ μ   ڼ   Ͻʽÿ.

  o  ``  ý  ̵ ''  ÿ   ֽϴ.
      ϼ.  <http://linuxdoc.org/LDP/sag/c1596.html>

  o  LILO ``Technical overview''
     <http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/boot/lilo/lilo-t-21.ps.gz>
      Ʈμ Ŀ ۵Ǵ ܰ  
       ؿ ۿ  ߿  ֽϴ.

  o  ҽڵ  ñ ȳԴϴ. Ʒ ϵ
     Ʈμ õ  Ŀ ϵԴϴ.  Ŀ ҽ
     ڵ带  Ŵٸ /usr/src/linux Ʒ  Դϴ. ٸ
     δ, Shigio Yamaguchi (shigio@tamacom.com)   
     Ȩ  Ǹ ؽƮ Ŀ  ϰ
     ֽϴ.  <http://www.tamacom.com/tour/linux/index.html> 
      ϵԴϴ.

     arch/i386/boot/bootsect.S,setup.S
        ƮͿ شǴ  ڵ尡 ֽϴ.

     arch/i386/boot/compressed/misc.c
        Ŀ  ϴ ڵ尡 ֽϴ.

     arch/i386/kernel/
        Ŀ ʱȭŰ ڵ尡  丮 ֽϴ. setup.c
         ũ 尡 ֽϴ.

     drivers/block/rd.c
        ũ ̹ ֽϴ. rd_load  rd_load_image
        ν ̽ ũ  ϵ εմϴ.
        identify_ramdisk_image ν   Ͻý
        ߰ߵǾ,  װ   ƴ Ǻմϴ.

  12.  LILO Ʈ ڵ

   鿡    󿡼  ڴ  
    ̸ Խ׽ϴ.  Werner Almsberger  ``
  LILO  (LILO User Documentation) ''   ο߽ϴ. 
    Ʈ ãƺ  ֽϴ.
  <http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/boot/lilo/lilo-u-21.ps.gz>

  LILO  θ ε  "LILO"  ܾ ÷ ˴ϴ. 
  ڴ  Ư ۾ Ǳ ̳ Ŀ µ˴ϴ. 
  LILO   ܰ迡 ϸ ׶ µ ڴ 
   Ÿ  մϴ.

     ƹ ڵ Ÿ  
        LILO   ε  Դϴ. LILO  ƿ ġ
        ʾҰų ƮͰ ġϴ Ƽ active  ʾұ
        Դϴ.
     L  Ʈδ ù ܰ εǾ ۵Ǿ Ʈδ ι°
        ܰ谡 ε  Դϴ. ڸ  ڵ 
        Ÿ  ߻ߴ Ÿϴ(''ũ  ڵ''
        κ ϼ).  ´  ü ̻ ְų
        Ʈ ġ Դϴ(  ũ Ķ͸
        ߸  ).

     LI Ʈδ ù ܰ谡 Ʈδ ι° ܰ踦 εϱ ߴµ
        װ Ű   Դϴ. ̰ Ʈ
        ġ(geometry mismatch) map installer  Ű  ä
        /boot/boot.b  ű䵥 մϴ.

     LIL
        Ʈδ ι° ܰ谡 ۵Ǿ ̰ map Ͽ
        ũ ̺ ε  Դϴ. ̷  κ
        ü ̻̳ Ʈ ġ ʱ ̴ϴ.

     LIL?
        Ʈδ ι° ܰ谡 ߸ 巹 ε Դϴ. ̷
          Ʈ ġ̰ų map installer 
        Ű  ä /boot/boot.b  ̵  
        Դϴ.

     LIL-
        ũ ̺ ߸ Դϴ. ̴ Ʈ
        ġ̰ų map installer Ű  ä /boot/boot.b
         ̵ױ Դϴ.

     LILO
        LILO     ε Դϴ.

   LILO  Ʈ ̹ εϷ   BIOS  ޽ ٸ
   ޽ ÷ ˴ϴ.  ڵ 0x00  0xbb 
  Դϴ.  ڵ ؼ LILO  ̵带 ʽÿ.

  13.  Ʈ ũ ߺ

   Ʈ Ͻý۰ ƿƼ Ͽ ִ ϵ 
  Դϴ.

  Root directory:
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 bin
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         4096 Nov  1 15:39 dev
  drwx--x--x   3 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 etc
  drwx--x--x   4 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 lib
  drwx--x--x   5 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 mnt
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 proc
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 root
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 sbin
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 tmp
  drwx--x--x   7 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 usr
  drwx--x--x   5 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 var

  /bin:
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        62660 Nov  1 15:39 ash
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         9032 Nov  1 15:39 cat
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        10276 Nov  1 15:39 chmod
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         9592 Nov  1 15:39 chown
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        23124 Nov  1 15:39 cp
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        23028 Nov  1 15:39 date
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        14052 Nov  1 15:39 dd
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        14144 Nov  1 15:39 df
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        69444 Nov  1 15:39 egrep
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root          395 Nov  1 15:39 false
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        69444 Nov  1 15:39 fgrep
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        69444 Nov  1 15:39 grep
  -rwx--x--x   3 root     root        45436 Nov  1 15:39 gunzip
  -rwx--x--x   3 root     root        45436 Nov  1 15:39 gzip
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         8008 Nov  1 15:39 hostname
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        12736 Nov  1 15:39 ln
  -rws--x--x   1 root     root        15284 Nov  1 15:39 login
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        29308 Nov  1 15:39 ls
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         8268 Nov  1 15:39 mkdir
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         8920 Nov  1 15:39 mknod
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        24836 Nov  1 15:39 more
  -rws--x--x   1 root     root        37640 Nov  1 15:39 mount
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        12240 Nov  1 15:39 mt
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        12932 Nov  1 15:39 mv
  -r-x--x--x   1 root     root        12324 Nov  1 15:39 ps
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         5388 Nov  1 15:39 pwd
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        10092 Nov  1 15:39 rm
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            3 Nov  1 15:39 sh -> ash
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        25296 Nov  1 15:39 stty
  -rws--x--x   1 root     root        12648 Nov  1 15:39 su
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         4444 Nov  1 15:39 sync
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root       110668 Nov  1 15:39 tar
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        19712 Nov  1 15:39 touch
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root          395 Nov  1 15:39 true
  -rws--x--x   1 root     root        19084 Nov  1 15:39 umount
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         5368 Nov  1 15:39 uname
  -rwx--x--x   3 root     root        45436 Nov  1 15:39 zcat

  /dev:
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            6 Nov  1 15:39 cdrom -> cdu31a
  brw-rw-r--   1 root     root      15,   0 May  5  1998 cdu31a
  crw-------   1 root     root       4,   0 Nov  1 15:29 console
  crw-rw-rw-   1 root     uucp       5,  64 Sep  9 19:46 cua0
  crw-rw-rw-   1 root     uucp       5,  65 May  5  1998 cua1
  crw-rw-rw-   1 root     uucp       5,  66 May  5  1998 cua2
  crw-rw-rw-   1 root     uucp       5,  67 May  5  1998 cua3
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,   0 Aug  8 13:54 fd0
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  36 Aug  8 13:54 fd0CompaQ
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  84 Aug  8 13:55 fd0D1040
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  88 Aug  8 13:55 fd0D1120
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  12 Aug  8 13:54 fd0D360
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  16 Aug  8 13:54 fd0D720
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2, 120 Aug  8 13:55 fd0D800
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  32 Aug  8 13:54 fd0E2880
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2, 104 Aug  8 13:55 fd0E3200
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2, 108 Aug  8 13:55 fd0E3520
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2, 112 Aug  8 13:55 fd0E3840
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  28 Aug  8 13:54 fd0H1440
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2, 124 Aug  8 13:55 fd0H1600
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  44 Aug  8 13:55 fd0H1680
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  60 Aug  8 13:55 fd0H1722
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  76 Aug  8 13:55 fd0H1743
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  96 Aug  8 13:55 fd0H1760
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2, 116 Aug  8 13:55 fd0H1840
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2, 100 Aug  8 13:55 fd0H1920
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            7 Nov  1 15:39 fd0H360 -> fd0D360
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            7 Nov  1 15:39 fd0H720 -> fd0D720
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  52 Aug  8 13:55 fd0H820
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  68 Aug  8 13:55 fd0H830
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,   4 Aug  8 13:54 fd0d360
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,   8 Aug  8 13:54 fd0h1200
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  40 Aug  8 13:54 fd0h1440
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  56 Aug  8 13:55 fd0h1476
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  72 Aug  8 13:55 fd0h1494
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  92 Aug  8 13:55 fd0h1600
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  20 Aug  8 13:54 fd0h360
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  48 Aug  8 13:55 fd0h410
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  64 Aug  8 13:55 fd0h420
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  24 Aug  8 13:54 fd0h720
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  80 Aug  8 13:55 fd0h880
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,   0 May  5  1998 hda
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,   1 May  5  1998 hda1
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,   2 May  5  1998 hda2
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,   3 May  5  1998 hda3
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,   4 May  5  1998 hda4
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,   5 May  5  1998 hda5
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,   6 May  5  1998 hda6
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,  64 May  5  1998 hdb
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,  65 May  5  1998 hdb1
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,  66 May  5  1998 hdb2
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,  67 May  5  1998 hdb3
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,  68 May  5  1998 hdb4
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,  69 May  5  1998 hdb5
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,  70 May  5  1998 hdb6
  crw-r-----   1 root     kmem       1,   2 May  5  1998 kmem
  crw-r-----   1 root     kmem       1,   1 May  5  1998 mem
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           12 Nov  1 15:39 modem -> ../dev/ttyS1
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           12 Nov  1 15:39 mouse -> ../dev/psaux
  crw-rw-rw-   1 root     root       1,   3 May  5  1998 null
  crwxrwxrwx   1 root     root      10,   1 Oct  5 20:22 psaux
  brw-r-----   1 root     disk       1,   1 May  5  1998 ram
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       1,   0 May  5  1998 ram0
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       1,   1 May  5  1998 ram1
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       1,   2 May  5  1998 ram2
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       1,   3 May  5  1998 ram3
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       1,   4 May  5  1998 ram4
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       1,   5 May  5  1998 ram5
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       1,   6 May  5  1998 ram6
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       1,   7 May  5  1998 ram7
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       1,   8 May  5  1998 ram8
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       1,   9 May  5  1998 ram9
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            4 Nov  1 15:39 ramdisk -> ram0
  ***  I have only included devices for the IDE partitions I use.
  ***  If you use SCSI, then use the /dev/sdXX devices instead.
  crw-------   1 root     root       4,   0 May  5  1998 tty0
  crw--w----   1 root     tty        4,   1 Nov  1 15:39 tty1
  crw-------   1 root     root       4,   2 Nov  1 15:29 tty2
  crw-------   1 root     root       4,   3 Nov  1 15:29 tty3
  crw-------   1 root     root       4,   4 Nov  1 15:29 tty4
  crw-------   1 root     root       4,   5 Nov  1 15:29 tty5
  crw-------   1 root     root       4,   6 Nov  1 15:29 tty6
  crw-------   1 root     root       4,   7 May  5  1998 tty7
  crw-------   1 root     tty        4,   8 May  5  1998 tty8
  crw-------   1 root     tty        4,   9 May  8 12:57 tty9
  crw-rw-rw-   1 root     root       4,  65 Nov  1 12:17 ttyS1
  crw-rw-rw-   1 root     root       1,   5 May  5  1998 zero

  /etc:
  -rw-------   1 root     root          164 Nov  1 15:39 conf.modules
  -rw-------   1 root     root          668 Nov  1 15:39 fstab
  -rw-------   1 root     root           71 Nov  1 15:39 gettydefs
  -rw-------   1 root     root          389 Nov  1 15:39 group
  -rw-------   1 root     root          413 Nov  1 15:39 inittab
  -rw-------   1 root     root           65 Nov  1 15:39 issue
  -rw-r--r--   1 root     root          746 Nov  1 15:39 ld.so.cache
  ***  ld.so.cache is created by ldconfig and caches library locations.
  ***  Many things break at boot time if ld.so.cache is missing.
  ***  You can either remake it after creating the bootdisk, or
  ***  include ldconfig on the bootdisk and run it from an rc.x script
  ***  to update the cache.
  -rw-------   1 root     root           32 Nov  1 15:39 motd
  -rw-------   1 root     root          949 Nov  1 15:39 nsswitch.conf
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 pam.d
  -rw-------   1 root     root          139 Nov  1 15:39 passwd
  -rw-------   1 root     root          516 Nov  1 15:39 profile
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root          387 Nov  1 15:39 rc
  -rw-------   1 root     root           55 Nov  1 15:39 shells
  -rw-------   1 root     root          774 Nov  1 15:39 termcap
  -rw-------   1 root     root           78 Nov  1 15:39 ttytype
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           15 Nov  1 15:39 utmp -> ../var/run/utmp
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           15 Nov  1 15:39 wtmp -> ../var/log/wtmp

  /etc/pam.d:
  -rw-------   1 root     root          356 Nov  1 15:39 other

  /lib:
  *** I have an ELF system with glibc, so I need the ld-2.so loader.
  -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        45415 Nov  1 15:39 ld-2.0.7.so
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           11 Nov  1 15:39 ld-linux.so.2 -> ld-2.0.7.so
  -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root       731548 Nov  1 15:39 libc-2.0.7.so
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           13 Nov  1 15:39 libc.so.6 -> libc-2.0.7.so
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           17 Nov  1 15:39 libcom_err.so.2 -> libcom_err.so.2.0
  -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root         6209 Nov  1 15:39 libcom_err.so.2.0
  -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root       153881 Nov  1 15:39 libcrypt-2.0.7.so
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           17 Nov  1 15:39 libcrypt.so.1 -> libcrypt-2.0.7.so
  -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        12962 Nov  1 15:39 libdl-2.0.7.so
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           14 Nov  1 15:39 libdl.so.2 -> libdl-2.0.7.so
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           16 Nov  1 15:39 libext2fs.so.2 -> libext2fs.so.2.4
  -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        81382 Nov  1 15:39 libext2fs.so.2.4
  -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        25222 Nov  1 15:39 libnsl-2.0.7.so
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           15 Nov  1 15:39 libnsl.so.1 -> libnsl-2.0.7.so
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root       178336 Nov  1 15:39 libnss_files-2.0.7.so
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           21 Nov  1 15:39 libnss_files.so.1 -> libnss_files-2.0.7.so
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           14 Nov  1 15:39 libpam.so.0 -> libpam.so.0.64
  -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        26906 Nov  1 15:39 libpam.so.0.64
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           19 Nov  1 15:39 libpam_misc.so.0 -> libpam_misc.so.0.64
  -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root         7086 Nov  1 15:39 libpam_misc.so.0.64
  -r-xr-xr-x   1 root     root        35615 Nov  1 15:39 libproc.so.1.2.6
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           15 Nov  1 15:39 libpwdb.so.0 -> libpwdb.so.0.54
  -rw-r--r--   1 root     root       121899 Nov  1 15:39 libpwdb.so.0.54
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           19 Nov  1 15:39 libtermcap.so.2 -> libtermcap.so.2.0.8
  -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        12041 Nov  1 15:39 libtermcap.so.2.0.8
  -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        12874 Nov  1 15:39 libutil-2.0.7.so
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           16 Nov  1 15:39 libutil.so.1 -> libutil-2.0.7.so
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           14 Nov  1 15:39 libuuid.so.1 -> libuuid.so.1.1
  -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root         8039 Nov  1 15:39 libuuid.so.1.1
  drwx--x--x   3 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 modules
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 security

  /lib/modules:
  drwx--x--x   4 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 2.0.35

  /lib/modules/2.0.35:
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 block
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 cdrom

  /lib/modules/2.0.35/block:
  -rw-------   1 root     root         7156 Nov  1 15:39 loop.o

  /lib/modules/2.0.35/cdrom:
  -rw-------   1 root     root        24108 Nov  1 15:39 cdu31a.o

  /lib/security:
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         8771 Nov  1 15:39 pam_permit.so

  ***  Directory stubs for mounting
  /mnt:
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 SparQ
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 cdrom
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 floppy

  /proc:

  /root:
  -rw-------   1 root     root          176 Nov  1 15:39 .bashrc
  -rw-------   1 root     root          182 Nov  1 15:39 .cshrc
  -rw-------   1 root     root           47 Nov  1 15:39 .glintrc
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root          455 Nov  1 15:39 .profile
  -rw-------   1 root     root         4014 Nov  1 15:39 .tcshrc

  /sbin:
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        23976 Nov  1 15:39 depmod
  -rwx--x--x   2 root     root       274600 Nov  1 15:39 e2fsck
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        41268 Nov  1 15:39 fdisk
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         9396 Nov  1 15:39 fsck
  -rwx--x--x   2 root     root       274600 Nov  1 15:39 fsck.ext2
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        29556 Nov  1 15:39 getty
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         6620 Nov  1 15:39 halt
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        23116 Nov  1 15:39 init
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        25612 Nov  1 15:39 insmod
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        10368 Nov  1 15:39 kerneld
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root       110400 Nov  1 15:39 ldconfig
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         6108 Nov  1 15:39 lsmod
  -rwx--x--x   2 root     root        17400 Nov  1 15:39 mke2fs
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         4072 Nov  1 15:39 mkfs
  -rwx--x--x   2 root     root        17400 Nov  1 15:39 mkfs.ext2
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         5664 Nov  1 15:39 mkswap
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        22032 Nov  1 15:39 modprobe
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            4 Nov  1 15:39 reboot -> halt
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         7492 Nov  1 15:39 rmmod
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        12932 Nov  1 15:39 shutdown
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            6 Nov  1 15:39 swapoff -> swapon
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         5124 Nov  1 15:39 swapon
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            4 Nov  1 15:39 telinit -> init
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         6944 Nov  1 15:39 update

  /tmp:

  /usr:
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 bin
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 lib
  drwx--x--x   3 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 man
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 sbin
  drwx--x--x   3 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 share
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           10 Nov  1 15:39 tmp -> ../var/tmp

  /usr/bin:
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        37164 Nov  1 15:39 afio
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         5044 Nov  1 15:39 chroot
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        10656 Nov  1 15:39 cut
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        63652 Nov  1 15:39 diff
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        12972 Nov  1 15:39 du
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        56552 Nov  1 15:39 find
  -r-x--x--x   1 root     root         6280 Nov  1 15:39 free
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         7680 Nov  1 15:39 head
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         8504 Nov  1 15:39 id
  -r-sr-xr-x   1 root     bin          4200 Nov  1 15:39 passwd
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        14856 Nov  1 15:39 tail
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        19008 Nov  1 15:39 tr
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         7160 Nov  1 15:39 wc
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         4412 Nov  1 15:39 whoami

  /usr/lib:
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           17 Nov  1 15:39 libncurses.so.4 -> libncurses.so.4.2
  -rw-r--r--   1 root     root       260474 Nov  1 15:39 libncurses.so.4.2

  /usr/sbin:
  -r-x--x--x   1 root     root        13684 Nov  1 15:39 fuser
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         3876 Nov  1 15:39 mklost+found

  /usr/share:
  drwx--x--x   4 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 terminfo

  /usr/share/terminfo:
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 l
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 v

  /usr/share/terminfo/l:
  -rw-------   1 root     root         1552 Nov  1 15:39 linux
  -rw-------   1 root     root         1516 Nov  1 15:39 linux-m
  -rw-------   1 root     root         1583 Nov  1 15:39 linux-nic

  /usr/share/terminfo/v:
  -rw-------   2 root     root         1143 Nov  1 15:39 vt100
  -rw-------   2 root     root         1143 Nov  1 15:39 vt100-am

  /var:
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 log
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 run
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 tmp

  /var/log:
  -rw-------   1 root     root            0 Nov  1 15:39 wtmp

  /var/run:
  -rw-------   1 root     root            0 Nov  1 15:39 utmp

  /var/tmp:

  14.  ƿƼ ũ ߺ

       total 579
       -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        42333 Jul 28 19:05 cpio*
       -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        32844 Aug 28 19:50 debugfs*
       -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root       103560 Jul 29 21:31 elvis*
       -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        29536 Jul 28 19:04 fdisk*
       -rw-r--r--   1 root     root       128254 Jul 28 19:03 ftape.o
       -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        17564 Jul 25 03:21 ftmt*
       -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        64161 Jul 29 20:47 grep*
       -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        45309 Jul 29 20:48 gzip*
       -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        23560 Jul 28 19:04 insmod*
       -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root          118 Jul 28 19:04 lsmod*
       lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            5 Jul 28 19:04 mt -> mt-st*
       -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root         9573 Jul 28 19:03 mt-st*
       lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            6 Jul 28 19:05 rmmod -> insmod*
       -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root       104085 Jul 28 19:05 tar*
       lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            5 Jul 29 21:35 vi -> elvis*

